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Alotaibi RF, AlTilasi HH, Al-Mutairi AM, Alharbi HS. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the detection of cocoa butter in cocoa and its derivatives: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31467. [PMID: 38882372 PMCID: PMC11176802 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is fierce competition in the cocoa industry to develop products that possess distinctive sensory characteristics and flavours. This is because cocoa and its derivatives provide numerous health and functional advantages, which is essential to their economics. The fatty acid and triglyceride composition of cocoa determines its quality. This review emphasises the necessity of developing precise, adaptable analytical techniques to identify and quantify cocoa butter in cocoa and its derived products, from cocoa beans to chocolate bars. Key chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques play crucial roles in understanding the fundamental principles underlying the production of cocoa with desirable flavours. This significantly impacts the sustainability, traceability, and authenticity of cocoa products while also supporting the battle against adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan F Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah H AlTilasi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adibah M Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibah S Alharbi
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, 0112038222, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Fernandes Almeida R, Aguiar Borges L, Torres da Silva T, Serafim Timóteo Dos Santos N, Gianasi F, Augusto Caldas Batista E, Efraim P. Chocolates, compounds and spreads: A review on the use of oleogels, hydrogels and hybrid gels to reduce saturated fat content. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113986. [PMID: 38309886 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This study is a bibliometric analysis and literature review on the use of oleogels (OGs), hydrogels (HGs) and hybrid gels (HYGs) in chocolate, compounds and spreads with the aim of reducing the saturated fat in these products. The articles were selected by analyzing titles, keywords and abstracts in the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Supplementary documents were obtained from government sources, including patent registrations. The theoretical and practical aspects were critically analyzed, highlighting the main points of agreement and disagreement between the authors. The results revealed a lack of regulations and official guidelines that widely allow the use of OGs, HGs and HYGs in chocolate confectionery products. The type and characteristics of raw materials affect the properties of products. Replacing cocoa butter (CB) with OGs, HGs or HYGs also affects texture, melting point and behavior, and nutritional aspects. These substitutions can result in products with better sensory acceptance and health benefits, such as reducing saturated fat and promoting cardiovascular health. However, it is important to find the ideal combination and proportions of components to obtain the desired properties in the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandes Almeida
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara Aguiar Borges
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayná Torres da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nereide Serafim Timóteo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gianasi
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Augusto Caldas Batista
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Efraim
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zappaterra F, Renzi M, Piccardo M, Spennato M, Asaro F, Di Serio M, Vitiello R, Turco R, Todea A, Gardossi L. Understanding Marine Biodegradation of Bio-Based Oligoesters and Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061536. [PMID: 36987316 PMCID: PMC10054732 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The study reports the enzymatic synthesis of bio-based oligoesters and chemo-enzymatic processes for obtaining epoxidized bioplasticizers and biolubricants starting from cardoon seed oil. All of the molecules had MW below 1000 g mol-1 and were analyzed in terms of marine biodegradation. The data shed light on the effects of the chemical structure, chemical bond lability, thermal behavior, and water solubility on biodegradation. Moreover, the analysis of the biodegradation of the building blocks that constituted the different bio-based products allowed us to distinguish between different chemical and physicochemical factors. These hints are of major importance for the rational eco-design of new benign bio-based products. Overall, the high lability of ester bonds was confirmed, along with the negligible effect of the presence of epoxy rings on triglyceride structures. The biodegradation data clearly indicated that the monomers/building blocks undergo a much slower process of abiotic or biotic transformations, potentially leading to accumulation. Therefore, the simple analysis of the erosion, hydrolysis, or visual/chemical disappearance of the chemical products or plastic is not sufficient, but ecotoxicity studies on the effects of such small molecules are of major importance. The use of natural feedstocks, such as vegetable seed oils and their derivatives, allows the minimization of these risks, because microorganisms have evolved enzymes and metabolic pathways for processing such natural molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zappaterra
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Girgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Piccardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Girgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Spennato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martino Di Serio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Vitiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Turco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anamaria Todea
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Gardossi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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