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Sharma A, Dubey R, Gupta S, Asati V, Kumar V, Kumar D, Mahapatra DK, Jaiswal M, Jain SK, Bharti SK. PIM kinase inhibitors: an updated patent review (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:365-382. [PMID: 38842051 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2365411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PIM Kinases (PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3) have been reported to play crucial role in signaling cascades that govern cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Over-expression of these kinases leads to hematological malignancies such as diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), multiple myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma and prostate cancer etc. PIM kinases as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets have shown promise toward precision cancer therapy. The selective PIM-1, PIM-2, and/or PIM-3 isoform inhibitors have shown significant results in patients with advanced stages of cancer including relapsed/refractory cancer. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review of PIM Kinases (PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3) in oncogenesis, the patented PIM kinase inhibitors (2016-Present), and their pharmacological and structural insights have been highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Recently, PIM kinases viz. PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3 (members of the serine/threonine protein kinase family) as therapeutic targets have attracted considerable interest in oncology especially in hematological malignancies. The patented PIM kinase inhibitors comprised of heterocyclic (fused)ring structure(s) like indole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, piperazine, thiazole, oxadiazole, quinoline, triazolo-pyridine, pyrazolo-pyridine, imidazo-pyridazine, oxadiazole-thione, pyrazolo-pyrimidine, triazolo-pyridazine, imidazo-pyridazine, pyrazolo-quinazoline and pyrazolo-pyridine etc. showed promising results in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Rahul Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Shankar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Meenakshi Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Sanmati Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bharti
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
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Hamilton G, Stickler S, Rath B. Bromodomain Protein-directed Agents and MYC in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:930-940. [PMID: 38275056 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096272757231211113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a dismal prognosis. In addition to the inactivation of the tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1, tumor-promoting MYC and paralogs are frequently overexpressed in this neuroendocrine carcinoma. SCLC exhibits high resistance to second-line chemotherapy and all attempts of novel drugs and targeted therapy have failed so far to achieve superior survival. MYC and paralogs have key roles in the oncogenic process, orchestrating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism. In SCLC, MYC-L and MYC regulate the neuroendocrine dedifferentiation of SCLC cells from Type A (ASCL1 expression) to the other SCLC subtypes. Targeting MYC to suppress tumor growth is difficult due to the lack of suitable binding pockets and the most advanced miniprotein inhibitor Omomyc exhibits limited efficacy. MYC may be targeted indirectly via the bromodomain (BET) protein BRD4, which activates MYC transcription, by specific BET inhibitors that reduce the expression of this oncogenic driver. Here, novel BET-directed Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are discussed that show high antiproliferative activity in SCLC. Particularly, ARV-825, targeting specifically BRD4, exhibits superior cytotoxic effects on SCLC cell lines and may become a valuable adjunct to SCLC combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Stickler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ledoux N, Lelong EIJ, Simard A, Hussein S, Adjibade P, Lambert JP, Mazroui R. The Identification of Nuclear FMRP Isoform Iso6 Partners. Cells 2023; 12:2807. [PMID: 38132127 PMCID: PMC10742089 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of FMRP, a canonical RNA-binding protein, causes the development of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), which is characterised by multiple phenotypes, including neurodevelopmental disorders, intellectual disability, and autism. Due to the alternative splicing of the encoding FMR1 gene, multiple FMRP isoforms are produced consisting of full-length predominantly cytoplasmic (i.e., iso1) isoforms involved in translation and truncated nuclear (i.e., iso6) isoforms with orphan functions. However, we recently implicated nuclear FMRP isoforms in DNA damage response, showing that they negatively regulate the accumulation of anaphase DNA genomic instability bridges. This finding provided evidence that the cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of FMRP are uncoupled played by respective cytoplasmic and nuclear isoforms, potentially involving specific interactions. While interaction partners of cytoplasmic FMRP have been reported, the identity of nuclear FMRP isoform partners remains to be established. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we mapped the nuclear interactome of the FMRP isoform iso6 in U2OS. In doing so, we found FMRP nuclear interaction partners to be involved in RNA processing, pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, DNA replication and damage response, chromatin remodeling and chromosome segregation. By comparing interactions between nuclear iso6 and cytoplasmic iso1, we report a set of partners that bind specifically to the nuclear isoforms, mainly proteins involved in DNA-associated processes and proteasomal proteins, which is consistent with our finding that proteasome targets the nuclear FMRP iso6. The specific interactions with the nuclear isoform 6 are regulated by replication stress, while those with the cytoplasmic isoform 1 are largely insensitive to such stress, further supporting a specific role of nuclear isoforms in DNA damage response induced by replicative stress, potentially regulated by the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Ledoux
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Emeline I. J. Lelong
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Alexandre Simard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Samer Hussein
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Pauline Adjibade
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie et néphrologie, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- PROTEO, Le Regroupement Québécois De Recherche Sur La Fonction, L’ingénierie et Les Applications des Protéines, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rachid Mazroui
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (E.I.J.L.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (P.A.)
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