Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review

Follicular fluid HD-sevs-mir-128-3p is a key molecule in regulating bovine granulosa cells autophagy

Follicular fluid (FF) is rich in extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs carries a variety of miRNA involved in regulating follicular development, the function of cells in follicles, primordial follicular formation, follicular recruitment and selection, follicular atresia, oocyte communication, granulosa cells (GCs) function and luteinization and other biological processes of follicular development. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that bovine follicular fluid (bFF) high density-small extracellular vesicles (HD-sEVs)-miRNA was enriched in autophagy-related pathways. However, the mechanism of bFF EVs carrying miRNA regulating GCs autophagy is not clear. Thus, this study carried out a series of studies on the previous HD-sEVs sequencing data and miR-128-3p contained in bFF HD-sEVs. A total of 38 differentially expressed genes were detected by RNA-Seq after overexpression of miR-128-3p in bovine GCs (bGCs). Through cell transfection, Western blot (WB) and Immunofluorescence (IF), it was proved that overexpression of miR-128-3p could promote the expression of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein I light chain 3), inhibit p62, promote the number of autophagosome, promote the formation of autophagy lysosome and autophagy flow, and activate bGCs autophagy. MiR-128-3p inhibitor significantly inhibited the expression of LC3 and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) in bGCs, and promoted the expression of autophagy substrate p62, indicating that HD-sEVs-miR-128-3p could activate bGCs autophagy. In addition, through double luciferase assay, bioinformatics analysis, WB and RT-qPCR, it was concluded that bFF HD-sEVs-miR-128-3p could target TFEB (transcription factor EB) and FoxO4 (Forkhead box O4) and activate GCs autophagy.

House dust-derived mixtures of organophosphate esters alter the phenotype, function, transcriptome, and lipidome of KGN human ovarian granulosa cells

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are present ubiquitously in the environment. Previous studies suggest that exposure to OPEs is detrimental to female fertility in humans. However, no experimental information is available on the effects of OPE mixtures on ovarian granulosa cells, which play essential roles in female reproduction. We used high-content imaging to investigate the effects of environmentally relevant OPE mixtures on KGN human granulosa cell phenotypes. Perturbations to steroidogenesis were assessed using ELISA and qRT-PCR. A high-throughput transcriptomic approach, TempO-Seq, was used to identify transcriptional changes in a targeted panel of genes. Effects on lipid homeostasis were explored using a cholesterol assay and global lipidomic profiling. OPE mixtures altered multiple phenotypic features of KGN cells, with triaryl OPEs in the mixture showing higher potencies than other mixture components. The mixtures increased basal production of steroid hormones; this was mediated by significant changes in the expression of critical transcripts involved in steroidogenesis. Further, the total-OPE mixture disrupted cholesterol homeostasis and the composition of intracellular lipid droplets. Exposure to complex mixtures of OPEs, similar to those found in house dust, may adversely affect female reproductive health by altering a multitude of phenotypic and functional endpoints in granulosa cells. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of actions underlying the toxicity induced by OPEs and highlights the need to examine the effects of human relevant chemical mixtures.

Toxicity mechanism of acrolein on energy metabolism disorder and apoptosis in human ovarian granulosa cells

Acrolein (ACR), an unsaturated, highly reactive aldehyde, is a widespread environmental toxin. ACR exerts permanent and irreversible side effects on ovarian functions. Granulosa cells play a crucial role in supporting ovarian function. Thus, in this study, we investigated the toxicity effects of granulosa cells induced by ACR. Following treatment with varying ACR concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100μM), we observed that ACR exposure induced reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial energy metabolism disorder, and apoptosis in KGN cells (a human ovarian granulosa cell line) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis in KGN cells displayed biphasic changes after ACR exposure, with activation at a low ACR dose (12.5μM), but inhibition at higher ACR doses (≥50μM). SIRT1/PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis is crucial for maintaining intracellular mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular function. The inhibition/activation of the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in KGN cells validated its role in ACR-induced damage. The results indicated that the inhibition of the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway aggravated ACR-induced cell damage, whereas its activation partially counteracted ACR-induced cell damage. This study attempted to uncover a novel mechanism of ACR-induced ovarian toxicity so as to provide an effective treatment option for safeguarding female reproductive health from the adverse effects of ACR.

Follicular fluid-derived exosomal HMOX1 promotes granulosa cell ferroptosis involved in follicular atresia in geese (Anser cygnoides)

The proliferation and death of granulosa cells (GCs) in poultry play a decisive role in follicular fate and egg production. The follicular fluid (FF) contains a variety of nutrients and genetic substances to ensure the communication between follicular cells. Exosomes, as a new intercellular communication, could carry and transport the proteins, RNA, and lipids to react on GCs, which had been found in FF of various domestic animals. Whether exosomes of FF in poultry play a similar role is unclear. In this study, geese, a poultry with low egg production, were chosen, and the effect of FF exosomes on the proliferation and death of GCs was investigated. Firstly, there were not only a large number of healthy small yellow follicles (HSYFs) but also some atresia small yellow follicles (ASYFs) in the egg-laying stage. Also, the GC layers of ASYFs became loose interconnections, inward detachment, and diminished survival rate than that of HSYFs. Besides, compared to HSYFs, the contents of E2, P4, and the mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes GPX4, FPN1, and FTH1 were significantly decreased, while COX2, NCOA4, VDAC3 mRNA were significantly increased, and the structure of mitochondrial cristae disappeared and the outer membrane broke in the GC layers of ASYFs. Moreover, the ROS, MDA, and oxidation levels in the GC layers of ASYFs were significantly higher than those of HSYFs. All these hinted that ferroptosis might result in a large number of GCs death and involvement in follicle atresia. Secondly, FF exosomes were isolated from HSYFs and ASYFs, respectively, and identified by TEM, NTA, and detection of exosome marker proteins. Also, we found the exosomes were phagocytic by GCs by tracking CM-Dil. Moreover, the addition of ASYF-FF exosomes significantly elevated the MDA content, Fe2+ levels, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in GCs, thus significantly inhibiting the proliferation of GCs, which was restored by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. Thirdly, the proteomic sequencing was performed between FF-derived exosomes of HSYFs and ASYFs. We obtained 1615 differentially expressed proteins, which were mainly enriched in the protein transport and ferroptosis pathways. Among them, HMOX1 was enriched in the ferroptosis pathway based on differential protein-protein interaction network analysis. Finally, the role of HMOX1 in regulating ferroptosis in GCs was further explored. The highly expressed HMOX1 was observed in the exosomes of ASYF-FF than that in HSYF-FF. Overexpression of HMOX1 increased ATG5, LC3II, and NCOA4 expression and reduced the expression of FTH1, GPX4, PCBP2, FPN1 in the ferroptosis pathway, also promoted intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and MDA surge, which drove ferroptosis in GCs. The effects of HMOX1 on ferroptosis could be blocked by its inhibitor Znpp. Taken together, the important protein HMOX1 was identified in FF, which could be delivered to GCs via exosomes, triggering ferroptosis and thus determining the fate of follicles.

Yu Linzhu alleviates primary ovarian insufficiency in a rat model by improving proliferation and energy metabolism of granulosa cells through hif1α/cx43 pathway

BACKGROUND

Yu Linzhu (YLZ) is a classical Chinese traditional formula, which has been used for more than 600 years to regulate menstruation to help pregnancy. However, the mechanism of modern scientific action of YLZ needs to be further studied.

METHODS

Thirty SD female rats were divided into three groups to prepare the blank serum and drug-containing serum, and then using UHPLC-QE-MS to identify the ingredients of YLZ and its drug-containing serum. Twenty-four SD female rats were divided into four groups, except the control group, 4-vinylcyclohexene dicycloxide (VCD) was intraperitoneally injected to establish a primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) model of all groups. Using vaginal smear to show that the estrous cycle of rats was disturbed after modeling, indicates that the POI model was successfully established. The ELISA test was used to measure the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in the serum of rats. HE stain was used to assess the morphology of ovarian tissue. The localization and relative expression levels of CX43 protein were detected by tissue immunofluorescence. Primary ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were identified by cellular immunofluorescence. CCK8 was used to screen time and concentration of drug-containing serum and evaluate the proliferation effect of YLZ on VCD-induced GCs. ATP kit and Seahorse XFe24 were used to detect energy production and real-time glycolytic metabolism rate of GCs. mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF1α, CX43, PEK, LDH, HK1 were detected by RT-PCR and WB.

RESULTS

UHPLC-QE-MS found 1702 ingredients of YLZ and 80 constituents migrating to blood. YLZ reduced the FSH while increasing the AMH and E2 levels. In ovarian tissues, YLZ improved ovarian morphology, follicle development, and the relative expression of CX43. In vitro studies, we found that YLZ increased the proliferative activity of GCs, ATP levels, glycolytic metabolic rate, HIF1α, CX43, PEK, HK1, LDH mRNA, and protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The study indicated that YLZ increased the proliferation and glycolytic energy metabolism of GCs to improve follicular development further alleviating ovarian function.

Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate alleviates oxidative damage in granulosa cells by activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway

Oxidative damage induced granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis was considered as a significant cause of compromised follicle quality, antioxidants therapy has emerged as a potential method for improving endometriosis pregnancy outcomes. Here, we found that GCs from endometriosis patients show increased oxidative stress level. Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB), a small molecule compound that is extracted from natural plants, reversed tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) induced GCs oxidative damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of MDHB for GCs and its potential mechanisms. TUNEL staining and immunoblotting of cleaved caspase-3/7/9 showed MDHB attenuated TBHP induced GCs apoptosis. Mechanistically, MDHB treatment decreased cellular and mitochondria ROS production, improved the mitochondrial function by rescuing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP production. Meanwhile, MDHB protein upregulated the expression of vital antioxidant transcriptional factor Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes SOD1, NQO1 and GCLC to inhibited oxidative stress state, further beneficial to oocytes and embryos quality. Therefore, MDHB may represent a potential drug candidate in protecting granulosa cells in endometriosis, which can improve pregnancy outcomes for endometriosis-associated infertility.

Are the new phthalates safe? Evaluation of Diisononilphtalate (DINP) effects in porcine ovarian cell cultures

Phthalates are plasticizing chemicals, widely used in packaging materials and consumer products for several decades. These molecules have raised concerns because of their toxicity and their use have been restricted in several countries. Therefore, novel phthalates have been introduced. Among these, diisononilphtalate (DINP) is widely employed. However, its safety has not been properly addressed. Therefore, using a well validated granulosa cell model, collected from swine ovaries with a translational value, we studied potential DINP effects on important cellular functional parameters. In particular, we studied cell growth, steroidogenesis and redox status. Collected data showed that DINP stimulates (p < 0.05) cell growth, increases estrogen and inhibits progesterone production (p < 0.05), disrupts redox balance stimulating free radicals (p < 0.05) while reducing scavenger activities (p< 0.05). Taken together, DINP's impact on cultured swine granulosa cells provides cause for concern regarding its potential adverse effects on reproductive and endocrine functions.

Baicalin enhances proliferation and reduces inflammatory-oxidative stress effect in H2O2-induced granulosa cells apoptosis via USP48 protein regulation

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress and inflammation can lead to apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), resulting in ovulation disorders and infertility. Baicalin (BAI) promotes cell proliferation and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms by which BAI treatment affects oxidative stress and inflammation in GCs remain incompletely understood.

METHODS

KGN cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to analyze the effect of oxidative stress on GCs in vitro. Subsequently, H2O2-stimulated KGN cells were treated with BAI. The levels of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD were measured using an activity assay kit. The levels of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA and protein levels were measured using the CCK8, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

H2O2 treatment inhibited KGN cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammation. BAI promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in H2O2-stimulated KGN cells. BAI treatment promoted USP48 protein expression, and USP48 knockdown abrogated the protective effects of BAI, indicating that USP48 is a downstream mediator of BAI.

CONCLUSION

BAI treatment enhanced cell proliferation and ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing USP48 protein expression. BAI, which is used clinically and as a dietary supplement, may alleviate oxidative stress-induced GC injury and ovarian disorders.

Resveratrol Promotes Proliferation, Antioxidant Properties, and Progesterone Production in Yak (Bos grunniens) Granulosa Cells

Resveratrol (RES) is a class of natural polyphenolic compounds known for its strong anti-apoptotic and antioxidant properties. Granulosa cells (GCs) are one of the important components of ovarian follicles and play crucial roles in follicular development of follicles in the ovary. Here, we explored the effects of RES on the proliferation and functions of yak GCs. Firstly, we evaluated the effect of RES dose and time in culture on the viability of GCs, and then the optimum treatment protocol (10 μM RES, 36 h) was selected to analyze the effects of RES on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, lipid droplet content, ATP production, and steroidogenesis of GCs, as well as the expression of related genes. The results show that RES treatment significantly (1) increased cell viability and proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis by upregulating BCL-2 and SIRT1 genes and downregulating BAX, CASP3, P53, and KU70 genes; (2) increased the proportion of GCs in the S phase and upregulated CCND1, PCNA, CDK4, and CDK5 genes; (3) reduced ROS accumulation and MDA content and increased GSH content, as well as upregulating the relative expression levels of CAT, SOD2, and GPX1 genes; (4) decreased lipid droplet content and increased ATP production; (5) promoted progesterone (P4) secretion and the expression of P4 synthesis-related genes (StAR, HSD3B1, and CYP11A1); and (6) inhibited E2 secretion and CYP19A1 expression. These findings suggest that RES at 10 μM increases the proliferation and antioxidant properties, inhibits apoptosis, and promotes ATP production, lipid droplet consumption, and P4 secretion of yak GCs.

Heat stress exposure cause alterations in intestinal microbiota, transcriptome, and metabolome of broilers

Introduction

Heat stress can affect the production of poultry through complex interactions between genes, metabolites and microorganisms. At present, it is unclear how heat stress affects genetic, metabolic and microbial changes in poultry, as well as the complex interactions between them.

Methods

Thus, at 28  days of age a total of 200 Arbor Acres broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into the control (CON) and heat stress treatment (HS). There were 5 replicates in CON and HS, respectively, 20 per replication. From the 28-42  days, the HS was kept at 31 ± 1°C (9:00-17:00, 8 h) and other time was maintained at 21 ± 1°C as in the CON. At the 42nd day experiment, we calculated the growth performance (n = 8) of broilers and collected 3 and 6 cecal tissues for transcriptomic and metabolomic investigation and 4 cecal contents for metagenomic investigation of each treatment.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that heat stress significantly reduced the average daily gain and body weight of broilers (value of p < 0.05). Transcriptome KEGG enrichment showed that the differential genes were mainly enriched in the NF-kB signaling pathway. Metabolomics results showed that KEGG enrichment showed that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the mTOR signaling pathway. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing results indicated that heat stress increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes. Multi-omics analysis showed that the co-participating pathway of differential genes, metabolites and microorganisms KEGG enrichment was purine metabolism. Pearson correlation analysis found that ornithine was positively correlated with SULT1C3, GSTT1L and g_Lactobacillus, and negatively correlated with CALB1. PE was negatively correlated with CALB1 and CHAC1, and positively with g_Alistipes. In conclusion, heat stress can generate large amounts of reactive oxygen and increase the types of harmful bacteria, reduce intestinal nutrient absorption and antioxidant capacity, and thereby damage intestinal health and immune function, and reduce growth performance indicators. This biological process is manifested in the complex regulation, providing a foundational theoretical basis for solving the problem of heat stress.

The Interplay between Medical Plants and Gut Microbiota in Cancer

The gut microbiota is a dynamic community of bacteria distributed in the gastroenteric tract and changes in response to diseases, diet, use of antibiotics and probiotics, hygiene status, and other environmental factors. Dysbiosis, a disruption of the normal crosstalk between the host and the microbes, is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, is linked to a reduction of anti-inflammatory bacteria like Lactobacillus and Roseburia, and to an increase in the growth of proinflammatory species like Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroidetes. Some plants possess anticancer properties and various studies have reported that some of these are also able to modulate the gut microbiota. The aim of this work is to evaluate the crucial relationship between medical plants and gut microbiota and the consequences on the onset and progression of cancer. In vivo studies about hematological malignancies showed that beta-glucans tie to endogenous antibeta glucan antibodies and to iC3b, an opsonic fragment of the central complement protein C3, leading to phagocytosis of antibody-targeted neoplastic cells and potentiation of the cytotoxic activity of the innate immune system if administered together with monoclonal antibodies. In conclusion, this review suggests the potential use of medical plants to improve gut dysbiosis and assist in the treatment of cancer.