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Zhang W, Li Q, Yin R. Targeting WEE1 Kinase in Gynecological Malignancies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2449-2460. [PMID: 38915863 PMCID: PMC11195673 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s462056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
WEE1 kinase is involved in the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA damage repair. A functional G2/M checkpoint is crucial for DNA repair in cancer cells with p53 mutations since they lack a functional G1/S checkpoint. Targeted inhibition of WEE1 kinase may cause tumor cell apoptosis, primarily, in the p53-deficient tumor, via bypassing the G2/M checkpoint without properly repairing DNA damage, resulting in genome instability and chromosomal deletion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological role of WEE1 kinase and the potential of WEE1 inhibitor (WEE1i) for treating gynecological malignancies. We conducted a thorough literature search from 2001 to September 2023 in prominent databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane, utilizing appropriate keywords of WEE1i and gynecologic oncology. WEE1i has been shown to inhibit tumor activity and enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapy or radiotherapy in preclinical models, particularly in p53-mutated gynecologic cancer models, although not exclusively. Recently, WEE1i alone or combined with genotoxic agents has confirmed its efficacy and safety in Phase I/II gynecological malignancies clinical trials. Furthermore, it has become increasingly clear that other inhibitors of DNA damage pathways show synthetic lethality with WEE1i, and WEE1 modulates therapeutic immune responses, providing a rationale for the combination of WEE1i and immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we summarize the biological function of WEE1 kinase, development of WEE1i, and outline the preclinical and clinical data available on the investigation of WEE1i for treating gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rutie Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Włodarczyk K, Kuryło W, Pawłowska-Łachut A, Skiba W, Suszczyk D, Pieniądz P, Majewska M, Boniewska-Bernacka E, Wertel I. circRNAs in Endometrial Cancer-A Promising Biomarker: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6387. [PMID: 38928094 PMCID: PMC11203539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors among women in the 21st century, whose mortality rate is increasing every year. Currently, the diagnosis of EC is possible only after a biopsy. However, it is necessary to find a new biomarker that will help in both the diagnosis and treatment of EC in a non-invasive way. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are small, covalently closed spherical and stable long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) molecules, which are abundant in both body fluids and human tissues and are expressed in various ways. Considering the new molecular classification of EC, many studies have appeared, describing new insights into the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in EC. In this review article, we focused on the problem of EC and the molecular aspects of its division, as well as the biogenesis, functions, and diagnostic and clinical significance of circRNAs in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Włodarczyk
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
| | - Weronika Kuryło
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
| | - Anna Pawłowska-Łachut
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
| | - Wiktoria Skiba
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
| | - Dorota Suszczyk
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
| | - Paulina Pieniądz
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Boniewska-Bernacka
- Medical Department, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
| | - Iwona Wertel
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.P.-Ł.); (W.S.); (D.S.); (P.P.); (I.W.)
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Torelli FR, Rodrigues-Peres RM, Lopes-Cendes I, Bahamondes L, Juliato CRT. Gene expression associated with vaginal bleeding in women using the 52-mg levonorgestrel hormonal intrauterine device: A prospective study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 165:1199-1209. [PMID: 38299835 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate gene expression associated with vaginal bleeding in the 52-mg hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) users. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study involving 100 women seeking to use the 52-mg hormonal IUD for contraception. We excluded women with a history or current condition of abnormal uterine bleeding and who were unable to attend a 1-year follow up. Women who expelled the device, removed it for reasons unrelated to vaginal bleeding, or were lost to follow up were discontinued. We collected endometrial biopsies immediately before IUD placement and assessed 20 selected genes using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Users maintained a uterine bleeding diary for 12 months following IUD insertion. For statistical analysis, participants were categorized into groups with or without vaginal bleeding at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS Women with elevated CXCL9 expression had an 8.15-fold higher likelihood of experiencing vaginal bleeding at 3 months (odds ratio [OR] 8.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.24-29.61, P = 0.001). At 12 months of follow up, women with increased TIMP1 expression had a 2.74-fold higher chance of experiencing vaginal bleeding (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.08-6.95, P = 0.033). CXCL9 ≥ 1.5 and IL17A ≥ 0.68 were associated with a higher probability of vaginal bleeding at 3 months, while TIMP1 levels ≥0.943 were linked to an increased risk of bleeding at 12 months. CONCLUSION Users of the 52-mg hormonal IUD with elevated relative CXCL9 expression face an increased risk of vaginal bleeding at 3-month follow up, whereas those with heightened TIMP1 expression are more likely to experience vaginal bleeding at 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R Torelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Rodrigues-Peres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luis Bahamondes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cássia R T Juliato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Loizzi V, Cerbone M, Arezzo F, Silvestris E, Damiani GR, Cazzato G, Cicinelli E, Cormio G. Contraception as chemoprevention of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 women. Hormones (Athens) 2024; 23:277-286. [PMID: 38112915 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women in the world, with an estimated worldwide mortality of over 207'000 women every year. This cancer, due to the current lack of adequate screening techniques, is commonly diagnosed late and has a poor prognosis. The oral contraceptive pill is considered the most effective prevention strategy for ovarian cancer in the general population, being associated with a decreased incidence while also having a substantial positive impact on the mortality rate, which is reduced by up to 50%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutated women have an augmented risk of ovary and breast cancer: despite international guidelines that consider prophylactic surgery as the gold standard for ovarian cancer prevention, there are currently no effective non-invasive preventive methods. In BRCA1\2 mutated patients, clinicians should weigh the benefits of contraceptive pills against the risk of long-term thromboembolic side effects and hormonal malignancies such as breast and cervical cancer. A multidisciplinary team should counsel patients on the most appropriate risk-reduction strategy tailored to their needs and expectations, proposing the oral contraceptive pill to selected patients after balancing the risks of adverse effects and the benefits on both contraception and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Loizzi
- S.S.D. Ginecologia Oncologica Clinicizzata, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Biomedicina Traslazionale E Neuroscienze (DiBraiN), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cerbone
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Silvestris
- Oncology Unit IRCSS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Ettore Cicinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124, Bari, Italy
- Oncology Unit IRCSS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy
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Leoni C, Vinci L, Marzano M, D’Erchia AM, Dellino M, Cox SN, Vitagliano A, Visci G, Notario E, Filomena E, Cicinelli E, Pesole G, Ceci LR. Endometrial Cancer: A Pilot Study of the Tissue Microbiota. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1090. [PMID: 38930472 PMCID: PMC11205883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endometrium remains a difficult tissue for the analysis of microbiota, mainly due to the low bacterial presence and the sampling procedures. Among its pathologies, endometrial cancer has not yet been completely investigated for its relationship with microbiota composition. In this work, we report on possible correlations between endometrial microbiota dysbiosis and endometrial cancer. METHODS Women with endometrial cancer at various stages of tumor progression were enrolled together with women with a benign polymyomatous uterus as the control. Analyses were performed using biopsies collected at two specific endometrial sites during the surgery. This study adopted two approaches: the absolute quantification of the bacterial load, using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and the analysis of the bacterial composition, using a deep metabarcoding NGS procedure. RESULTS ddPCR provided the first-ever assessment of the absolute quantification of bacterial DNA in the endometrium, confirming a generally low microbial abundance. Metabarcoding analysis revealed a different microbiota distribution in the two endometrial sites, regardless of pathology, accompanied by an overall higher prevalence of pathogenic bacterial genera in cancerous tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results pave the way for future studies aimed at identifying potential biomarkers and gaining a deeper understanding of the role of bacteria associated with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leoni
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola n. 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Lorenzo Vinci
- 2nd Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.V.); (M.D.); (A.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Marinella Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola n. 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Anna Maria D’Erchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.D.); (S.N.C.); (G.V.); (E.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Miriam Dellino
- 2nd Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.V.); (M.D.); (A.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Sharon Natasha Cox
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.D.); (S.N.C.); (G.V.); (E.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- 2nd Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.V.); (M.D.); (A.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Grazia Visci
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.D.); (S.N.C.); (G.V.); (E.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Notario
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola n. 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Ermes Filomena
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.D.); (S.N.C.); (G.V.); (E.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Ettore Cicinelli
- 2nd Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.V.); (M.D.); (A.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.D.); (S.N.C.); (G.V.); (E.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Luigi Ruggiero Ceci
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola n. 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (E.N.)
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Liu X, Tian Y, Yan S, Fu H, Si L, Lai T, Mao M, Wang Q, Bai J, Li H, Guo R. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium: a retrospective analysis of data from a single center. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:636. [PMID: 38789995 PMCID: PMC11127372 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) originating from the endometrium is rare, and there is limited knowledge regarding its diagnosis and optimal management. In this study, we present our experience with 11 patients with endometrial NEC, aiming to provide guidance for clinical practice. METHODS We retrospectively collected the clinical, pathological, and treatment data of 11 patients with endometrial NEC who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2011 to July 2023. The clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 55.0 (39.0-64.0) years, and the median tumor size was 40.0 (33.0-60.0) mm. Irregular vaginal bleeding was the most common symptom observed in 10 out of 11 patients, while metabolic syndrome occurred in only 2 out of 11 patients. Six out of the 11 patients were diagnosed at an early stage. Among the patients, 6 were diagnosed with endometrial NECs, while the remaining patients had a combination of endometrial NEC and other non-NEC endometrial carcinomas. All patients underwent surgery, except for one who received only chemotherapy due to multiple metastases. After surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 5 patients, chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was given to 3 patients, and 2 patients did not receive any adjuvant therapy. A total of 10 patients completed the follow-up, with a median follow-up time of 51.0 (14.3-81.0) months. Unfortunately, 2 patients died from the disease. CONCLUSION NECs originating from the endometrium might not be affected by metabolic disorders. Preoperative diagnosis of these tumors was challenging. The primary approach for managing endometrial NEC can be multimodal treatment centered around surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Tian
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Shuping Yan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Hanlin Fu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Lulu Si
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Lai
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Heli Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Ruixia Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China.
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Menendez-Santos M, Gonzalez-Baerga C, Taher D, Waters R, Virarkar M, Bhosale P. Endometrial Cancer: 2023 Revised FIGO Staging System and the Role of Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1869. [PMID: 38791948 PMCID: PMC11119523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FIGO endometrial cancer staging system recently released updated guidance based on clinical evidence gathered after the previous version was published in 2009. Different imaging modalities are beneficial across various stages of endometrial cancer (EC) management. Additionally, ongoing research studies are aimed at improving imaging in EC. Gynecological cancer is a crucial element in the practice of a body radiologist. With a new staging system in place, it is important to address the role of radiology in the EC diagnostic pathway. This article is a comprehensive review of the changes made to the FIGO endometrial cancer staging system and the impact of imaging in the staging of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Menendez-Santos
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; (C.G.-B.); (M.V.)
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Baerga
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; (C.G.-B.); (M.V.)
| | - Daoud Taher
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.T.); (R.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Rebecca Waters
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.T.); (R.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Mayur Virarkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; (C.G.-B.); (M.V.)
| | - Priya Bhosale
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.T.); (R.W.); (P.B.)
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