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Xu J, Tian L, Qi W, Lv Q, Wang T. Advancements in NSCLC: From Pathophysiological Insights to Targeted Treatments. Am J Clin Oncol 2024; 47:291-303. [PMID: 38375734 PMCID: PMC11107893 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
With the global incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on the rise, the development of innovative treatment strategies is increasingly vital. This review underscores the pivotal role of precision medicine in transforming NSCLC management, particularly through the integration of genomic and epigenomic insights to enhance treatment outcomes for patients. We focus on the identification of key gene mutations and examine the evolution and impact of targeted therapies. These therapies have shown encouraging results in improving survival rates and quality of life. Despite numerous gene mutations being identified in association with NSCLC, targeted treatments are available for only a select few. This paper offers an exhaustive analysis of the pathogenesis of NSCLC and reviews the latest advancements in targeted therapeutic approaches. It emphasizes the ongoing necessity for research and development in this domain. In addition, we discuss the current challenges faced in the clinical application of these therapies and the potential directions for future research, including the identification of novel targets and the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Lin Tian
- Pulmonology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Qi
- Pulmonology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Lv
- Pulmonology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Tan Wang
- Pulmonology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
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Mohamady S, Khalil AF, Naguib BH, Nafie MS, Tawfik HO, Shaldam MA. Tailored horseshoe-shaped nicotinonitrile scaffold as dual promising c-Met and Pim-1 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, SAR and in silico study. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106988. [PMID: 37995644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
For the horseshoe tactic to succeed in inhibiting c-Met and Pim-1, the nicotinonitrile derivatives (2a-n) were produced in high quantities by coupling acetyl phenylpyrazole (1) with the proper aldehydes and ethyl cyanoacetate under basic conditions. Consistent basic and spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, Mass, and HPLC) supported the new products' structural findings. With IC50 potency in nanomolar ranges, these compounds had effectively repressed them, particularly compounds 2d and 2 h, with IC50 values below 200 nM. The most potent compounds (2d and 2 h) were tested for their antitumor effects against prostate (PC-3), colon (HCT-116), and breast (MDA-MB-231) and were evaluated in comparison to the anticancer drug tivantinib using the MTT assay. Similar to tivantinib, these compounds showed good antiproliferative properties against the HCT-116 tumor cells while having low cytotoxicity towards healthy fetal colon (FHC) cells. In the HCT-116 cell line, their ability to trigger the apoptotic cascade was also investigated by looking at the level of Bax and Bcl-2 as well as the activation of the proteolytic caspase cascade. When HCT-116 cells were exposed to compounds 2d and 2 h in comparison to the control, active caspase-3 levels increased. The HCT-116 cell line also upregulated Bcl-2 protein levels and downregulated Bax levels. Additionally, when treated with compound 2d, the HCT-116 cell cycle was primarily stopped at the S phase. Compared to the control, compound 2d treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of c-Met and Pim-1 kinases in the treated HCT-116 cells. Thorough molecular modeling analyses, such as molecular docking and dynamic simulation, were performed to ascertain the binding mechanism and stability of the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Mohamady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed F Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Bassem H Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates (UAE); Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
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Urbanska EM, Grauslund M, Koffeldt PR, Truelsen SLB, Löfgren JO, Costa JC, Melchior LC, Sørensen JB, Santoni-Rugiu E. Real-World Data on Combined EGFR-TKI and Crizotinib Treatment for Acquired and De Novo MET Amplification in Patients with Metastatic EGFR-Mutated NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13077. [PMID: 37685884 PMCID: PMC10487649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of the mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) gene is a mechanism of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors (TKIs) in over 20% of patients with advanced EGFR-mutated (EGFRm+) non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it may also occur de novo in 2-8% of EGFRm+ NSCLC cases as a potential mechanism of intrinsic resistance. These patients represent a group with unmet needs, since there is no standard therapy currently approved. Several new MET inhibitors are being investigated in clinical trials, but the results are awaited. Meanwhile, as an alternative strategy, combinations of EGFR-TKIs with the MET/ALK/ROS1-TKI Crizotinib may be used in this setting, despite this use is principally off-label. Thus, we studied five of these MET amplified cases receiving EGFR-TKI and Crizotinib doublet after progression on EGFR-TKI treatment to assess the benefits and challenges related to this combination and the possible occurrence of genomic and phenotypic co-alterations. Furthermore, we compared our cases with other real-world reports on Crizotinib/EGFR-TKI combinations, which appeared effective, especially in patients with high-level MET amplification. Yet, we observed that the co-occurrence of other genomic and phenotypical alterations may affect the response to combined EGFR-TKI and Crizotinib. Finally, given the heterogeneity of MET amplification, the diagnostic methods for assessing it may be discrepant. In this respect, we observed that for optimal detection, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and next-generation sequencing should be used together, as these methods possess different sensitivities and complement each other in characterizing MET amplification. Additionally, we addressed the issue of managing EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients with de novo MET amplification causing primary EGFR-TKI resistance. We conclude that, while data from clinical trials with new MET inhibitors are still pending, adding Crizotinib to EGFR-TKI in NSCLC patients acquiring MET amplification at progression on EGFR-TKI monotherapy is a reasonable approach, with a progression-free survival of 3-19 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta M. Urbanska
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Grauslund
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.G.); (P.R.K.); (S.L.B.T.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Peter R. Koffeldt
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.G.); (P.R.K.); (S.L.B.T.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Sarah L. B. Truelsen
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.G.); (P.R.K.); (S.L.B.T.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Johan O. Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Junia C. Costa
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Linea C. Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.G.); (P.R.K.); (S.L.B.T.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Jens B. Sørensen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.G.); (P.R.K.); (S.L.B.T.); (L.C.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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