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Mavridou D, Psatha K, Aivaliotis M. Integrative Analysis of Multi-Omics Data to Identify Deregulated Molecular Pathways and Druggable Targets in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Pers Med 2024; 14:831. [PMID: 39202022 PMCID: PMC11355716 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most common B-cell malignancy in the Western world, characterized by frequent relapses despite temporary remissions. Our study integrated publicly available proteomic, transcriptomic, and patient survival datasets to identify key differences between healthy and CLL samples. We exposed approximately 1000 proteins that differentiate healthy from cancerous cells, with 608 upregulated and 415 downregulated in CLL cases. Notable upregulated proteins include YEATS2 (an epigenetic regulator), PIGR (Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor), and SNRPA (a splicing factor), which may serve as prognostic biomarkers for this disease. Key pathways implicated in CLL progression involve RNA processing, stress resistance, and immune response deficits. Furthermore, we identified three existing drugs-Bosutinib, Vorinostat, and Panobinostat-for potential further investigation in drug repurposing in CLL. We also found limited correlation between transcriptomic and proteomic data, emphasizing the importance of proteomics in understanding gene expression regulation mechanisms. This generally known disparity highlights once again that mRNA levels do not accurately predict protein abundance due to many regulatory factors, such as protein degradation, post-transcriptional modifications, and differing rates of translation. These results demonstrate the value of integrating omics data to uncover deregulated proteins and pathways in cancer and suggest new therapeutic avenues for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Mavridou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Psatha
- Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Medical Biology—Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michalis Aivaliotis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Functional Proteomics and Systems Biology (FunPATh), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Cool A, Nong T, Montoya S, Taylor J. BTK inhibitors: past, present, and future. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:691-707. [PMID: 39025681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment landscape for B cell lymphomas such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The first-in-class BTK inhibitor ibrutinib has recently been succeeded by covalent BTK inhibitors that are safer but still face challenges of resistance mutations. The noncovalent BTK inhibitor pirtobrutinib was recently approved for relapsed and refractory CLL, and whether noncovalent BTK inhibitors will supplant covalent BTK inhibitors as upfront treatment options either alone or in combination will be determined. Meanwhile, newer BTK inhibitors and BTK degraders are vying for their place in the potential future landscape of B cell cancers as well as autoimmune diseases. This review will cover the latest progress in BTK inhibitor development and where the field is moving in light of these recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cool
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tiffany Nong
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Skye Montoya
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Gonçalves AC, Alves R, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB. Advancements in Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Hematological Neoplasias. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6570. [PMID: 38928276 PMCID: PMC11203996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematological neoplasias are among the most common cancers worldwide, and the number of new cases has been on the rise since 1990, reaching 1 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (A.B.S.-R.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Alves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (A.B.S.-R.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH), University Clinics of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (A.B.S.-R.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
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Nasr AA, Fund X, Barreau S, Desterke C, Borie C, Oudrhiri N, Faivre J, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Turhan AG. BIRC-3 mutated monoclonal B lymphocytosis without evolution to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:692-695. [PMID: 38293748 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2308665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amen Allah Nasr
- APHP-Paris Saclay, Service d'Hématologie-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
| | - Xavier Fund
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvain Barreau
- APHP-Paris Saclay, Service d'Hématologie-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Borie
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Noufissa Oudrhiri
- APHP-Paris Saclay, Service d'Hématologie-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Jamila Faivre
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - A Bennaceur-Griscelli
- APHP-Paris Saclay, Service d'Hématologie-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Centre for iPSC Therapies (CITHERA) INSERM UMS 45, GenopoleEvry, France
| | - A G Turhan
- APHP-Paris Saclay, Service d'Hématologie-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1310, Villejuif, France
- APHP Paris Saclay Service d'Oncohématologie moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Centre for iPSC Therapies (CITHERA) INSERM UMS 45, GenopoleEvry, France
- Department of Hematology, American Hospital of Paris, Neuilly Sur Seine, France
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Mouhssine S, Maher N, Kogila S, Cerchione C, Martinelli G, Gaidano G. Current Therapeutic Sequencing in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Hematol Rep 2024; 16:270-282. [PMID: 38804280 PMCID: PMC11130833 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep16020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent leukemia in adults, is constantly changing. CLL patients can be divided into three risk categories, based on their IGHV mutational status and the occurrence of TP53 disruption and/or complex karyotype. For the first-line treatment of low- and intermediate-risk CLL, both the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax plus obinutuzumab and the second generation BTK inhibitors (BTKi), namely acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, are valuable and effective options. Conversely, venetoclax-based fixed duration therapies have not shown remarkable results in high-risk CLL patients, while continuous treatment with acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib displayed favorable outcomes, similar to those obtained in TP53 wild-type patients. The development of acquired resistance to pathway inhibitors is still a clinical challenge, and the optimal treatment sequencing of relapsed/refractory CLL is not completely established. Covalent BTKi-refractory patients should be treated with venetoclax plus rituximab, whereas venetoclax-refractory CLL may be treated with second generation BTKi in the case of early relapse, while venetoclax plus rituximab might be used if late relapse has occurred. On these grounds, here we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art therapeutic algorithms for treatment-naïve patients, as well as for relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mouhssine
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.M.); (N.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Nawar Maher
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.M.); (N.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Sreekar Kogila
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.M.); (N.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori “Dino Amadori”—IRST IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Hematology and Sciences Oncology, Institute of Haematology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, S. Orsola University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.M.); (N.M.); (S.K.)
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Sánchez Suárez MDM, Martín Roldán A, Alarcón-Payer C, Rodríguez-Gil MÁ, Poquet-Jornet JE, Puerta Puerta JM, Jiménez Morales A. Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Personalized Medicine Era. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:55. [PMID: 38258066 PMCID: PMC10818903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a lymphoproliferative disorder marked by the expansion of monoclonal, mature CD5+CD23+ B cells in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow. The disease exhibits significant heterogeneity, with numerous somatic genetic alterations identified in the neoplastic clone, notably mutated TP53 and immunoglobulin heavy chain mutational statuses. Recent studies emphasize the pivotal roles of genetics and patient fragility in treatment decisions. This complexity underscores the need for a personalized approach, tailoring interventions to individual genetic profiles for heightened efficacy. The era of personalized treatment in CLL signifies a transformative shift, holding the potential for improved outcomes in the conquest of this intricate hematologic disorder. This review plays a role in elucidating the evolving CLL treatment landscape, encompassing all reported genetic factors. Through a comprehensive historical analysis, it provides insights into the evolution of CLL management. Beyond its retrospective nature, this review could be a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders, offering a window into the latest advancements. In essence, it serves as a dynamic exploration of our current position and the promising prospects on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Sánchez Suárez
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.D.M.S.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Alicia Martín Roldán
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.D.M.S.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Carolina Alarcón-Payer
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.D.M.S.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Gil
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.Á.R.-G.); (J.M.P.P.)
| | | | - José Manuel Puerta Puerta
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.Á.R.-G.); (J.M.P.P.)
| | - Alberto Jiménez Morales
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Granada, Spain; (M.D.M.S.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.J.M.)
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Chirino A, Montoya S, Safronenka A, Taylor J. Resisting the Resistance: Navigating BTK Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2182. [PMID: 38137005 PMCID: PMC10742473 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a key role in the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and confers anti-apoptotic and proliferative properties to malignant B-cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Small molecule BTK inhibitors were designed to bind BTK's active site and block downstream signaling. These drugs have now been used in the treatment of thousands of patients with CLL, the most common form of leukemia in the western hemisphere. However, adverse effects of early generations of BTK inhibitors and resistance to treatment have led to the development of newer, more selective and non-covalent BTK inhibitors. As the use of these newer generation BTK inhibitors has increased, novel BTK resistance mutations have come to light. This review aims to discuss previously known and novel BTK mutations, their mechanisms of resistance, and their relationship with patient treatment. Also discussed here are future studies that are needed to investigate the underlying cause allowing these mutations to occur and how they incite resistance. New treatments on the horizon that attempt to maneuver around these resistance mutations can be met with new resistance mutations, creating an unmet need for patients with CLL. Novel therapies and combinations that address all forms of resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Karsten H, Matrisch L, Cichutek S, Fiedler W, Alsdorf W, Block A. Broadening the horizon: potential applications of CAR-T cells beyond current indications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285406. [PMID: 38090582 PMCID: PMC10711079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering immune cells to treat hematological malignancies has been a major focus of research since the first resounding successes of CAR-T-cell therapies in B-ALL. Several diseases can now be treated in highly therapy-refractory or relapsed conditions. Currently, a number of CD19- or BCMA-specific CAR-T-cell therapies are approved for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), multiple myeloma (MM), and follicular lymphoma (FL). The implementation of these therapies has significantly improved patient outcome and survival even in cases with previously very poor prognosis. In this comprehensive review, we present the current state of research, recent innovations, and the applications of CAR-T-cell therapy in a selected group of hematologic malignancies. We focus on B- and T-cell malignancies, including the entities of cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (T-ALL, PTCL, CTCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), classical Hodgkin-Lymphoma (HL), Burkitt-Lymphoma (BL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). While these diseases are highly heterogenous, we highlight several similarly used approaches (combination with established therapeutics, target depletion on healthy cells), targets used in multiple diseases (CD30, CD38, TRBC1/2), and unique features that require individualized approaches. Furthermore, we focus on current limitations of CAR-T-cell therapy in individual diseases and entities such as immunocompromising tumor microenvironment (TME), risk of on-target-off-tumor effects, and differences in the occurrence of adverse events. Finally, we present an outlook into novel innovations in CAR-T-cell engineering like the use of artificial intelligence and the future role of CAR-T cells in therapy regimens in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Matrisch
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sophia Cichutek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Alsdorf
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Block
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Sousa-Pimenta M, Martins Â, Mariz JM, Berraondo P. Response to therapy in Richter syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis of early clinical trials. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295293. [PMID: 38077330 PMCID: PMC10702133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims Richter syndrome (RS) represents the clonal evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with histological transformation into a high-grade B cell lymphoma (diffuse large B cell lymphoma - DLBCL) or Hodgkin lymphoma. Considering that RS is an uncommon condition with poor prognosis, few high-quality evidence is available. To overcome this unmet need, this meta-analysis aimed to pool efficacy of early clinical trials in Richter syndrome (DLBCL subtype). Methods MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to May of 2023 to identify clinical trials decoying efficacy. The pooled complete response, objective response and intension-to-treat failure rates were calculated by pharmacological categories (classical chemotherapy, immunochemotherapy, immunotherapy, Bruton-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, targeted approaches, cell-based therapies and combinatorial regimens) using the Der-Simonian and Laird random-effects model. The Freeman-Tukey double arcsine method was used to estimate variance and confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 method. Results Overall, from 1242 studies identified, 30 were included, pooling data from 509 patients. The higher efficacy rates when, cell-based therapies were excluded, were achieved by immunochemotherapeutic regimens followed by combinatorial regimens, with complete response rates of 21.54% (IC95%14.93-28.87) and 23.77% (IC95% 8.70-42.19), respectively. Bispecific antibodies (alone or coupled with a chemotherapy debulking strategy) overtook Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors response rates. The latter, although achieving objective response rates above average, presented scarce complete response rates. Checkpoint inhibitors alone usually do not lead to complete responses, but their effectiveness may improve when combined with other agents, unveiling the importance of immune microenvironmental modulation. Conclusion This is the first meta-analysis of early clinical trials assessing the impact of different therapeutics in RS. By analyzing the pooled efficacy estimates, our work suggests the role of a tailor-made bridging therapy for young patients with RS eligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), formally the only curative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sousa-Pimenta
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Martins
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Mário Mariz
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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