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Nomura R, Suehiro Y, Tojo F, Matayoshi S, Okawa R, Hamada M, Naka S, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Unesaki R, Koumoto K, Kawauchi K, Nishikata T, Akitomo T, Mitsuhata C, Yagi M, Mizoguchi T, Fujikawa K, Taniguchi T, Nakano K. Inhibitory Effects of Shikonin Dispersion, an Extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Encapsulated in β-1,3-1,6 Glucan, on Streptococcus mutans and Non-Mutans Streptococci. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1075. [PMID: 38256148 PMCID: PMC10816867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and shikonin extracts have been shown to have inhibitory effects on several bacteria. However, shikonin extracts are difficult to formulate because of their poor water solubility. In the present study, we prepared a shikonin dispersion, which was solubilized by the inclusion of β-1,3-1,6 glucan, and analysed the inhibitory effects of this dispersion on Streptococcus mutans and non-mutans streptococci. The shikonin dispersion showed pronounced anti-S. mutans activity, and inhibited growth of and biofilm formation by this bacterium. The shikonin dispersion also showed antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects against non-mutans streptococci. In addition, a clinical trial was conducted in which 20 subjects were asked to brush their teeth for 1 week using either shikonin dispersion-containing or non-containing toothpaste, respectively. The shikonin-containing toothpaste decreased the number of S. mutans in the oral cavity, while no such effect was observed after the use of the shikonin-free toothpaste. These results suggest that shikonin dispersion has an inhibitory effect on S. mutans and non-mutans streptococci, and toothpaste containing shikonin dispersion may be effective in preventing dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan; (T.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Yuto Suehiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Fumikazu Tojo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Saaya Matayoshi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Rena Okawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Shuhei Naka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Okayama, Japan; (S.N.); (M.M.-N.)
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Okayama, Japan; (S.N.); (M.M.-N.)
| | - Rika Unesaki
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan; (R.U.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Kazuya Koumoto
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan; (R.U.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan; (R.U.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Takahito Nishikata
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan; (R.U.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Tatsuya Akitomo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan; (T.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Chieko Mitsuhata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan; (T.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Masatoshi Yagi
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
- Pharmacrea Kobe Co., Ltd., Kobe 651-0085, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Mizoguchi
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
- TSET Co., Ltd., Kariya 448-0022, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koki Fujikawa
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
- TSET Co., Ltd., Kariya 448-0022, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taizo Taniguchi
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
- Pharmacrea Kobe Co., Ltd., Kobe 651-0085, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (Y.S.); (F.T.); (S.M.); (R.O.); (K.N.)
- Joint Research Laboratory of Next-Generation Science for Oral Infection Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.M.); (K.F.); (T.T.)
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