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Updating the Methodology of Identifying Maize Hybrids Resistant to Ear Rot Pathogens and Their Toxins—Artificial Inoculation Tests for Kernel Resistance to Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030293. [PMID: 35330295 PMCID: PMC8954121 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to toxigenic fungi and their toxins in maize is a highly important research topic, as mean global losses are estimated at about 10% of the yield. Resistance and toxin data of the hybrids are mostly not given, so farmers are not informed about the food safety risks of their grown hybrids. According to the findings aflatoxin regularly occurs at preharvest in Hungary and possibly other countries in the region can be jeopardized. We tested, with an improved methodology (two isolates, three pathogens, and a toxin control), 18 commercial hybrids (2017–2020) for kernel resistance (%), and for toxin contamination separately by two–two isolates of F. graminearum, F. verticillioides (mg/kg), and A. flavus (μg/kg). The preharvest toxin contamination was measured in the controls. Highly significant kernel resistance and toxin content differences were identified between hybrids to the different fungi. Extreme high toxin production was found for each toxic species. Only about 10–15% of the hybrids showed higher resistance to the fungal species tested and lower contamination level of their toxins. The lacking correlations between resistance to different fungi and toxins suggest that resistance to different fungi and response to toxin contamination inherits independently, so a toxin analysis is necessary. For safety risk estimation, separated artificial and natural kernel infection and toxin data are needed against all pathogens. Higher resistance to A. flavus and F. verticillioides stabilizes or improves feed safety in hot and dry summers, balancing the harmful effect of climate changes. Resistance and toxin tests during variety registration is an utmost necessity. The exclusion of susceptible or highly susceptible hybrids from commercial production results in reduced toxin contamination.
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WANG J, GU Y, ZHANG Y, CHEN S, LI L, LIAO Z, SHAN X, HE L, CHEN J. Toxigenic potential analysis and fumigation treatment of three Fusarium spp. strains isolated from Fusarium head blight of wheat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.53822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin WANG
- Guangxi Medical University, China; Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yuxi GU
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yuchong ZHANG
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Shuai CHEN
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Li LI
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Zilong LIAO
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | - Xiaoxue SHAN
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
| | | | - Jinying CHEN
- Guangxi Medical University, China; Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd., China
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Vázquez-Rosas-Landa M, Sánchez-Rangel D, Hernández-Domínguez EE, Pérez-Torres CA, López-Buenfil A, de Jesús García-Ávila C, Carrillo-Hernández ED, Castañeda-Casasola CC, Rodríguez-Haas B, Pérez-Lira J, Villafán E, Alonso-Sánchez A, Ibarra-Laclette E. Design of a diagnostic system based on molecular markers derived from the ascomycetes pan-genome analysis: The case of Fusarium dieback disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246079. [PMID: 33507916 PMCID: PMC7843019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor to take actions against phytosanitary problems is the accurate and rapid detection of the causal agent. Here, we develop a molecular diagnostics system based on comparative genomics to easily identify fusariosis and specific pathogenic species as the Fusarium kuroshium, the symbiont of the ambrosia beetle Euwallaceae kuroshio Gomez and Hulcr which is responsible for Fusarium dieback disease in San Diego CA, USA. We performed a pan-genome analysis using sixty-three ascomycetes fungi species including phytopathogens and fungi associated with the ambrosia beetles. Pan-genome analysis revealed that 2,631 orthologue genes are only shared by Fusarium spp., and on average 3,941 (SD ± 1,418.6) are species-specific genes. These genes were used for PCR primer design and tested on DNA isolated from i) different strains of ascomycete species, ii) artificially infected avocado stems and iii) plant tissue of field-collected samples presumably infected. Our results let us propose a useful set of primers to either identify any species from Fusarium genus or, in a specific manner, species such as F. kuroshium, F. oxysporum, and F. graminearum. The results suggest that the molecular strategy employed in this study can be expanded to design primers against different types of pathogens responsible for provoking critical plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Vázquez-Rosas-Landa
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Catedrático CONACYT en el INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Eric E. Hernández-Domínguez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Catedrático CONACYT en el INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Catedrático CONACYT en el INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Clemente de Jesús García-Ávila
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (CNRF), Tecámac, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Cynthia-Coccet Castañeda-Casasola
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (CNRF), Tecámac, Estado de México, México
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Josué Pérez-Lira
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Emanuel Villafán
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Alexandro Alonso-Sánchez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail:
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Chalivendra S, Huang F, Busman M, Williams WP, Ham JH. Low Aflatoxin Levels in Aspergillus flavus-Resistant Maize Are Correlated With Increased Corn Earworm Damage and Enhanced Seed Fumonisin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:565323. [PMID: 33101334 PMCID: PMC7546873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.565323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest mycotoxin contamination of field-grown crops is influenced not only by the host genotype, but also by inoculum load, insect pressure and their confounding interactions with seasonal weather. In two different field trials, we observed a preference in the natural infestation of corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zea Boddie) to specific maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes and investigated this observation. The field trials involved four maize lines with contrasting levels of resistance to Aspergillus flavus. The resistant lines had 7 to 14-fold greater infested ears than the susceptible lines. Seed aflatoxin B1 (AF) levels, in mock- and A. flavus-inoculated ears were consistent with genotype resistance to A. flavus, in that the resistant lines showed low levels of AF (<30 ppb), whereas the susceptible lines had up to 500 ppb. On the other hand, CEW infestation showed a positive correlation with seed fumonisins (FUM) contamination by native Fusarium verticillioides strains. We inferred that the inverse trend in the correlation of AF and FUM with H. zea infestation may be due to a differential sensitivity of CEW to the two mycotoxins. This hypothesis was tested by toxin-feeding studies. H. zea larvae showed decreasing mass with increasing AF in the diet and incurred >30% lethality at 250 ppb. In contrast, CEW was tolerant to fumonisin with no significant loss in larval mass even at 100 ppm, implicating the low seed aflatoxin content as a predominant factor for the prevalence of CEW infestation and the associated fumonisin contamination in A. flavus resistant maize lines. Further, delayed flowering of the two resistant maize lines might have contributed to the pervasive H. zea damage of these lines by providing young silk for egg-laying. These results highlight the need for integrated strategies targeting mycotoxigenic fungi as well as their insect vectors for enhanced food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaiah Chalivendra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Fangneng Huang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mark Busman
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - W. Paul Williams
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Ham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Qiu J, Lu Y, He D, Lee YW, Ji F, Xu J, Shi J. Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Associated With Rice, Maize, and Soybean From Jiangsu Province, China: Phylogenetic, Pathogenic, and Toxigenic Analysis. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2193-2201. [PMID: 32552395 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1909-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) are of vital importance and are a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide, as they not only cause serious diseases in crops but also produce various mycotoxins. To characterize the population structure and evaluate the risk of poisonous secondary metabolites, a total of 237 candidate strains were isolated from rice, maize, and soybean samples in Jiangsu Province, China. Species identification of the individual strain was accomplished by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and the fumonisin (FB) synthetic gene (FUM1). The distribution of Fusarium species among the different crops was observed. The maize seeds were dominated by F. proliferatum (teleomorph, Gibberella intermedia) and F. verticillioides (teleomorph, G. moniliformis), whereas F. fujikuroi (teleomorph, G. fujikuroi) was the most frequently isolated species from rice and soybean samples. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of these strains were performed, and the results suggested clear groups showing no obvious relationship with the origin source. FFSC species pathogenicity and toxigenicity were studied. All of the species reduced the rice seed germination rate, with no significant differences. F. fujikuroi showed two distinct patterns of influencing the length of rice seedlings, which were correlated with FBs and gibberellic acid synthesis. FBs were mainly produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi also produced moniliformin and beauvericin. The toxigenicity of F. andiyazi (teleomorph, G. andiyazi) was extremely low. Further analysis indicated that the sequence variations in TEF-1α and the differences in the expression levels of the toxin synthesis genes were associated with the diversity of secondary metabolites in F. fujikuroi strains. These findings provide insight into the population-level characterization of the FFSC and might be helpful in the development of strategies for the management of diseases and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunan Lu
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Microbiology Discipline, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based assay for the rapid and sensitive group-specific detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108627. [PMID: 32334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize and maize-based food products, and feed. They have been associated with nerve system disorders in horses, pulmonary edema in swine as well as neural tube defects and esophageal cancer in humans. The fum1 gene codes for a polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisins. It is present in the genomes of all fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Reliable detection of fum1 can provide an estimate of the toxicological potential of cultures and food sources. Therefore, a fum1 specific LAMP assay was developed and tested with purified DNA of 48 different species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The fum1 gene was detected in 22 species among which F. fujikuroi, F. globosum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides were the most prominent fumonisin producers. None out of 92 tested non-Fusarium species showed cross reactions with the new assay. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg of genomic DNA per reaction for F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai and F. verticillioides. Higher LODs were found for other LAMP positive species. Apart from pure genomic DNA, the LAMP assay detected fumonisin-producers when 103 conidia/reaction were used as template after mechanical lysis. LAMP-results were well correlated with FB1 production. This is the first report on fumonisin production in strains of F. annanatum, F. coicis, F. mundagurra, F. newnesense, F. pininemorale, F. sororula, F. tjataeba, F. udum and F. werrikimbe. Usefulness of the LAMP assay was demonstrated by analyzing fumonisin contaminated maize grains. The new LAMP assay is rapid, sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of typical fumonisin producers and can be a versatile tool in HACCP concepts that target the reduction of fumonisins in the food and feed chain.
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Deepa N, Sreenivasa M. Molecular methods and key genes targeted for the detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides – An updated review. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Yang S, Li S, Ding W, Zhang W. Deficiency of D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase A attenuated cell division and greatly altered the proteome of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00819. [PMID: 30828981 PMCID: PMC6741128 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
D‐Alanyl‐D‐alanine ligase A (DdlA) catalyses the dimerization of two D‐alanines yielding D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine required for mycobacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and is a promising antimycobacterial drug target. To better understand the roles of DdlA in mycobacteria in vivo, we established a cell model in which DdlA expression was specifically downregulated by ddlA antisense RNA by introducing a 380 bp ddlA fragment into pMind followed by transforming the construct into nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis. The M. smegmatis cell model was verified by plotting the growth inhibition curves and quantifying endogenous DdlA expression using a polyclonal anti‐DdlA antibody produced from the expressed DdlA. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate mycobacterial morphology. Bidimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze differentially expressed proteins. Consequently, the successful construction of the M. smegmatis cell model was verified. The morphological investigation of the model indicated that DdlA deficiency led to an increased number of Z rings and a rearrangement of intracellular content, including a clear nucleoid and visible filamentous DNA. Proteomic techniques identified six upregulated and 14 downregulated proteins that interacted with each other to permit cell survival by forming a regulatory network under DdlA deficiency. Finally, our data revealed that DdlA deficiency inhibited cell division in mycobacteria and attenuated the process of carbohydrate catabolism and the pathway of fatty acid anabolism, while maintaining active protein degradation and synthesis. N‐Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)‐dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MSMEG_6242) and fumonisin (MSMEG_1419) were identified as potential antimycobacterial drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Chen
- Dalian Yuming Senior High School, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuefei Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shufeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenyong Ding
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Sandoval-Contreras T, Villarruel-López A, Torres-Vitela R, Garciglia-Mercado C, Gómez-Anduro G, Velázquez-Lizárraga A, Sierra-Beltran A, Ascencio F. Mycotoxigenic potential of phytopathogenic moulds isolated from citrus fruits from different states of Mexico. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Sandoval-Contreras
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
| | - A. Villarruel-López
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán #1421 Guadalajara, Jal. 44430, Mexico
| | - R. Torres-Vitela
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán #1421 Guadalajara, Jal. 44430, Mexico
| | - C. Garciglia-Mercado
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
| | - G. Gómez-Anduro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
| | - A.E. Velázquez-Lizárraga
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
| | - A. Sierra-Beltran
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
| | - F. Ascencio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, 23096, Mexico
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Han X, Jiang H, Xu J, Zhang J, Li F. Dynamic Fumonisin B₂ Production by Aspergillus niger Intented Used in Food Industry in China. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070217. [PMID: 28698485 PMCID: PMC5535164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a total of 30 strains including 27 strains of Aspergillus niger intended used in Chinese food industry, two strains used as control and one strain isolated from corn for fumonisin (FB) production on 3 media. It was found that FB2 production by A. niger was function-dependent and highly related to culture media, as well as incubation time. All strains studied were unable to produce FB1 and FB3. Almost all strains were found to produce FB2 on corn, rice and wheat bran. Based on their intended use in the food industry, the higher level of FB2 producers were strains used for saccharifying enzyme (n = 13) production, followed by organic acid (n = 6), tannase (n = 7) and β-galactosidase (n = 1) production, with the FB2 mean level of 3553–10,270 μg/kg, 1059–12,036 μg/kg, 3–7 μg/kg and 2–4 μg/kg on corn, 5455–9241 μg/kg, 559–2190 μg/kg, 4–9 μg/kg and 6–10 μg/kg on rice, 5959–7709 μg/kg, 9491–17,339 μg/kg, 8–14 μg/kg and 120–222 μg/kg on wheat bran, respectively. Comparatively, strains of Fusarium verticillioide were capable of producing fumonins simultaneously with broader spectrum including FB1, FB2 and FB3, but at a much lower level. In conclusion, it is necessary to evaluate FB2 production by A. niger before intended use in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Hongru Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
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Gálvez L, Urbaniak M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł, Palmero D. Fusarium proliferatum - Causal agent of garlic bulb rot in Spain: Genetic variability and mycotoxin production. Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28648292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is a world-wide occurring fungal pathogen affecting several crops included garlic bulbs. In Spain, this is the most frequent pathogenic fungus associated with garlic rot during storage. Moreover, F. proliferatum is an important mycotoxigenic species, producing a broad range of toxins, which may pose a risk for food safety. The aim of this study is to assess the intraspecific variability of the garlic pathogen in Spain implied by analyses of translation elongation factor (tef-1α) and FUM1 gene sequences as well as the differences in growth rates. Phylogenetic characterization has been complemented with the characterization of mating type alleles as well as the species potential as a toxin producer. Phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of the translation elongation factor and FUM1 genes from seventy nine isolates from garlic revealed a considerable intraspecific variability as well as high level of diversity in growth speed. Based on the MAT alleles amplified by PCR, F. proliferatum isolates were separated into different groups on both trees. All isolates collected from garlic in Spain proved to be fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 producers. Quantitative analyses of fumonisins, beauvericin and moniliformin (common secondary metabolites of F. proliferatum) showed no correlation with phylogenetic analysis neither mycelial growth. This pathogen presents a high intraspecific variability within the same geographical region and host, which is necessary to be considered in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gálvez
- Department of Agricultural Production, Plant Protection Laboratory, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB), Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 4, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daniel Palmero
- Department of Agricultural Production, Plant Protection Laboratory, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB), Technical University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro 4, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang H, Brankovics B, Luo W, Xu J, Xu J, Guo C, Guo J, Jin S, Chen W, Feng J, Van Diepeningen A, Van der Lee T, Waalwijk C. Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential of Fusarium isolates in maize ears in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years increasing demands and the relatively low-care cultivation of the crop have resulted in an enormous expansion of the acreage of maize in China. However, particularly in China, Fusarium ear rot forms an important constraint to maize production. In this study, we showed that members of both the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and the Fusarium graminearum species complex are the causal agents of Fusarium ear rot in the main maize producing areas in China. Fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent species, followed by fumonisin producing Fusarium proliferatum and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing F. graminearum. Both Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium boothii were identified for the first time in the colder regions in China, extending their known habitats to colder environments. Mating type analysis of the different heterothallic FFSC species, showed that both types co-occur in each sampling site suggestive of the possibility of sexual recombination. Virulence tests with F. boothii (from maize) and F. graminearum from maize or wheat showed adaptation to the host. In addition, F. graminearum seems to outcompete F. boothii in wheat-maize rotations. Based on our findings and previous studies, we conclude that wheat/maize rotation selects for F. graminearum, while a wheat/rice rotation selects for F. asiaticum. In contrast, F. boothii is selected when maize is cultivated without rotation. A higher occurrence of F. temperatum is observed on maize in colder climatological regions in China, while Fusarium meridionale seems restricted to mountain areas. Each of these species has their characteristic mycotoxin profile and deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are the potential threats to maize production in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - B. Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94216, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J.S. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - C. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - J.G. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - S.L. Jin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - W.Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.D. Van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T.A.J. Van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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Aiyaz M, Divakara ST, Mudili V, Moore GG, Gupta VK, Yli-Mattila T, Nayaka SC, Niranjana SR. Molecular Diversity of Seed-borne Fusarium Species Associated with Maize in India. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:132-44. [PMID: 27226769 PMCID: PMC4864842 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666151116213056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 106 maize seed samples were collected from different agro-climatic regions of India. Sixty-two Fusarium isolates were recovered, 90% of which were identified as Fusarium verticillioides based on morphological and molecular characters. Use of the tef-1α gene corrected/refined the morphological species identifications of 11 isolates, and confirmed those of the remaining isolates. Genetic diversity among the Fusarium isolates involved multilocus fingerprinting profiles by Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) UPGMA and tef-1α gene phenetic analyses; for which, we observed no significant differences among the isolates based on geographic origin or fumonisin production; most of the subdivision related to species. Genotyping was performed on the F. verticillioides isolates, using 12 primer sets from the fumonisin pathway, to elucidate the molec-ular basis of fumonisin production or non-production. One fumonisin-negative isolate, UOMMF-16, was unable to amplify nine of the 12 fumonisin cluster genes tested. We also used the CD-ELISA method to confirm fumonisin production for our 62 Fusarium isolates. Only 15 isolates were found to be fumonisin-negative. Interestingly, genotypic characterization re-vealed six isolates with various gene deletion patterns that also tested positive for the production of fumonisins via CD-ELISA. Our findings confirm the importance of molecular studies for species delimitation, and for observing genetic and phenotypic diversity, among the Fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aiyaz
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India;
| | | | - Venkataramana Mudili
- DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-640046, India
| | - Geromy George Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, USA
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- MGBG, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Siddaiah Chandra Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, Karnataka, India; Fax: +91-0821-2419880; E-mail:
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14
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Han Z, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Munaut F, Scauflaire J, Wu A, Callebaut A. Screening survey of co-production of fusaric acid, fusarin C, and fumonisins B₁, B₂ and B₃ by Fusarium strains grown in maize grains. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 30:231-40. [PMID: 25270005 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium species isolated from Belgian maize were screened for their ability to produce fusarin C, fusaric acid, fumonisins B1 (FB1), FB2 and FB3 in maize grains. First, cultivation of Fusarium species in Myro liquid medium allowed overcoming the shortage of the standard of fusarin C on the market. All Fusarium verticillioides produced much higher contents of mycotoxins in Myro compared to Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium venenatum. The optimization of the LC-MS/MS method resulted in low limits of detection and quantification for fusarin C, fusaric acid, FB1, FB2 and FB3 determination in maize grains. Its application for screening the potential toxin production ability evidenced that the concentrations of the analytes were significantly increased at various levels when F. verticillioides strains were cultivated in maize grains and reached 441 mg kg(-1) for fusaric acid, 74 mg kg(-1) for fusarin C, 1,301 mg kg(-1) for FB1, 367 mg kg(-1) for FB2 and 753 mg kg(-1) for FB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
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15
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Dawidziuk A, Koczyk G, Popiel D, Kaczmarek J, Buśko M. Molecular diagnostics on the toxigenic potential of Fusarium spp. plant pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1607-20. [PMID: 24575830 PMCID: PMC4237539 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We propose and test an efficient and rapid protocol for the detection of toxigenic Fusarium isolates producing three main types of Fusarium-associated mycotoxins (fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearelanone). METHODS AND RESULTS The novel approach utilizes partially multiplexed markers based on genes essential for mycotoxin biosynthesis (fumonisin--fum6, fum8; trichothecenes--tri5, tri6; zearalenone, zea2) in Fusarium spp. The protocol has been verified by screening a collection of 96 isolates representing diverse species of filamentous fungi. Each Fusarium isolate was taxonomically identified through both molecular and morphological techniques. The results demonstrate a reliable detection of toxigenic potential for trichothecenes (sensitivity 100%, specificity 95%), zearalenone (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%) and fumonisins (sensitivity 94%, specificity 88%). Both presence and identity of toxin biosynthetic genes were further confirmed by direct sequencing of amplification products. CONCLUSIONS The cross-species-specific PCR markers for key biosynthetic genes provide a sensitive detection of toxigenic fungal isolates, contaminating biological material derived from agricultural fields. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The conducted study shows that a PCR-based assay of biosynthetic genes is a reliable, cost-effective, early warning system against Fusarium contamination. Its future use as a high-throughput detection strategy complementing chemical assays enables effective targeted application of crop protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dawidziuk
- Functional Evolution of Biological Systems Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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16
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Covarelli L, Stifano S, Beccari G, Raggi L, Lattanzio VMT, Albertini E. Characterization of Fusarium verticillioides strains isolated from maize in Italy: fumonisin production, pathogenicity and genetic variability. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:17-24. [PMID: 22475938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis) is the main fungal agent of ear and kernel rot of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide, including Italy. F.verticillioides is a highly toxigenic species since it is able to produce the carcinogenic mycotoxins fumonisins. In this study, 25 F. verticillioides strains, isolated from maize in different regions of Italy were analyzed for their ability to produce fumonisins, their pathogenicity and their genetic variability. A further referenced strain of G. moniliformis isolated from maize in USA was also used as outgroup. The fumonisins B₁, B₂, and B₃ were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pathogenicity tests were carried out by symptom observation and determination of growth parameters after inoculation of maize seeds, seedlings and wounded detached leaves. Total genomic DNA was used for Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. About 20% of the analyzed strains were unable to produce fumonisins in in vitro experiments on inoculated maize flour, while, among fumonisin producers, a great variability was observed, with values ranging from 1 to 115 mg kg⁻¹. The different analyzed strains showed a wide range of pathogenicity in terms of effect on seed germination, seedling development and of symptoms produced on detached leaves, which were not correlated with the different in vitro fumonisin production. AFLP analysis indicated the presence of genetic diversity not only between the Italian strains and the American reference but also among the Italian isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Covarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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17
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Faria CB, Abe CAL, da Silva CN, Tessmann DJ, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. New PCR assays for the identification of Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium subglutinans, and other species of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:115-32. [PMID: 22312242 PMCID: PMC3269676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans are important fungal pathogens of maize and other cereals worldwide. In this study, we developed PCR-based protocols for the identification of these pathogens targeting the gaoB gene, which codes for galactose oxidase. The designed primers recognized isolates of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans that were obtained from maize seeds from several producing regions of Brazil but did not recognize other Fusarium spp. or other fungal genera that were either obtained from fungal collections or isolated from maize seeds. A multiplex PCR protocol was established to simultaneously detect the genomic DNA from F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans. This protocol could detect the DNA from these fungi growing in artificially or naturally infected maize seeds. Another multiplex reaction with a pair of primers developed in this work combined with a pre-existing pair of primers has allowed identifying F. subglutinans, F. konzum, and F. thapsinum. In addition, the identification of F. nygamai was also possible using a combination of two PCR reactions described in this work, and another described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertechini Faria
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.F.); (C.A.L.A.)
| | - Camila Agnes Lumi Abe
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Cleiltan Novais da Silva
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Dauri José Tessmann
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.F.); (C.A.L.A.)
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18
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Genetic and phenotypic variation of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from different host species. J Appl Genet 2011; 52:487-96. [PMID: 21796391 PMCID: PMC3189322 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-011-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg is a common pathogen infecting numerous crop plants and occurring in various climatic zones. It produces large amounts of fumonisins, a group of polyketide-derived mycotoxins. Fumonisin biosynthesis is determined by the presence and activity of the FUM cluster, several co-regulated genes with a common expression pattern. In the present work, we analyzed 38 F. proliferatum isolates from different host plant species, demonstrating host-specific polymorphisms in partial sequences of the key FUM1 gene (encoding polyketide synthase). We also studied growth rates across different temperatures and sample origin and tried to establish the relationships between DNA sequence polymorphism and toxigenic potential. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on FUM1 and tef-1α sequences for all isolates. The results indicated the greatest variations of both toxigenic potential and growth patterns found across the wide selection of isolates derived from maize. Fumonisin production for maize isolates ranged from 3.74 to 4,500 μg/g of fumonisin B(1). The most efficient producer isolates obtained from other host plants were only able to synthesize 1,820-2,419 μg/g of this metabolite. A weak negative rank correlation between fumonisin content and isolate growth rates was observed. All garlic-derived isolates formed a distinct group on a FUM1-based dendrogram. A second clade consisted of tropical and sub-tropical strains (isolated from pineapple and date palm). Interestingly, isolates with the fastest growth patterns were also grouped together and included both isolates originating from rice. The sequence of the FUM1 gene was found to be useful in revealing the intraspecific polymorphism, which is, to some extent, specifically correlated with the host plant.
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Stępień Ł, Koczyk G, Waśkiewicz A. FUM cluster divergence in fumonisins-producing Fusarium species. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Skládanka J, Nedělník J, Adam V, Doležal P, Moravcová H, Dohnal V. Forage as a primary source of mycotoxins in animal diets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:37-50. [PMID: 21318013 PMCID: PMC3037059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The issue of moulds and, thus, contamination with mycotoxins is very topical, particularly in connexion with forages from grass stands used at the end of the growing season. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and aflatoxins (AFL) are among the most common mycotoxins. The aim of the paper was to determine concentrations of mycotoxins in selected grasses (Lolium perenne, Festulolium pabulare, Festulolium braunii) and their mixtures with Festuca rubra an/or Poa pratensis during the growing season as a marker of grass safety, which was assessed according to content of the aforementioned mycotoxins. During the growing season grass forage was contaminated with mycotoxins, most of all by DON and ZEA. The contents of AFL and FUM were zero or below the limit of quantification. Moreover, the level of the occurrence of mould was quantified as ergosterol content, which was higher at the specific date of cut. All results were statistically processed and significant changes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skládanka
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Jan Nedělník
- Agriculture Research, Ltd. Troubsko, Zahradní 1, CZ-664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.N.), (H.M.)
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Petr Doležal
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Hana Moravcová
- Agriculture Research, Ltd. Troubsko, Zahradní 1, CZ-664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.N.), (H.M.)
| | - Vlastimil Dohnal
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Hoření Street 13, CZ-400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Ivić D, Domijan AM, Peraica M, Milicević T, Cvjetković B. Fusarium spp. contamination of wheat, maize, soybean, and pea grain in Croatia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2009; 60:435-42. [PMID: 20061244 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2002 to 2008, 203 samples of wheat, maize, soybean, and pea were analysed for the presence of Fusarium species. Contamination with Fusarium spp., expressed as the percentage of seeds with Fusarium colonies, ranged from 5 % to 69 % for wheat, from 25 % to 100 % for maize, from 4 % to 17 % for soybean, and from 3 % to 17 % for pea. 187 isolates were collected and the following 19 species determined: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. verticillioides, F. sporotrichioides, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. tricinctum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sambucinum, F. compactum, F. scirpi, and F. culmorum. Dominant species were F. graminearum on wheat (27 % of isolates), F. verticillioides on maize (83 % of isolates), F. sporotrichioides on soybean (34 % of isolates), and F. proliferatum on pea (29 % of isolates). Among species identified, F. heterosporum, F. crookwellense, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, and F. compactum have been reported for the first time in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ivić
- Zagreb University Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Wulff EG, Sørensen JL, Lübeck M, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, Torp J. Fusarium spp. associated with rice Bakanae: ecology, genetic diversity, pathogenicity and toxigenicity. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:649-57. [PMID: 20002135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African and Asian populations of Fusarium spp. (Gibberella fujikuroi species complex) associated with Bakanae of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) were isolated from seeds and characterized with respect to ecology, phylogenetics, pathogenicity and mycotoxin production. Independent of the origin, Fusarium spp. were detected in the different rice seed samples with infection rate ranges that varied from 0.25% to 9%. Four Fusaria (F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides) were found associated with Bakanae of rice. While three of the Fusaria were found in both African and Asian seed samples, F. fujikuroi was only detected in seed samples from Asia. Phylogenetic studies showed a broad genetic variation among the strains that were distributed into four different genetic clades. Pathogenicity tests showed that all strains reduced seed germination and possessed varying ability to cause symptoms of Bakanae on rice, some species (i.e. F. fujikuroi) being more pathogenic than others. The ability to produce fumonisins (FB(1) and FB(2)) and gibberellin A3 in vitro also differed according to the Fusarium species. While fumonisins were produced by most of the strains of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, gibberellin A3 was only produced by F. fujikuroi. Neither fumonisin nor gibberellin was synthesized by most of the strains of F. andiyazi. These findings provide new information on the variation within the G. fujikuroi species complex associated with rice seed and Bakanae disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednar G Wulff
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Danish Seed Health Centre, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Dissanayake MLMC, Tanaka S, Ito S. Fumonisin B(1) production by Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from Allium fistulosum plants and seeds in Japan. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:598-604. [PMID: 19416462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the fumonisin B(1)-producing ability of Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) plants and seeds of commercial cultivars in Japan and to examine the applicability of PCR-based assays to discriminate between fumonisin B(1)-producing and nonproducing isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS Fumonisin B(1) levels in 20 Fusarium isolates obtained from Welsh onion plants and seeds of seven commercial cultivars were determined by HPLC. Thirteen of the 20 isolates produced fumonisin B(1). PCR assay with FUM1 gene-specific primers amplified a DNA fragment (700 bp) only from fumonisin-producing isolates. CONCLUSIONS Fusarium proliferatum isolates that can produce fumonisin B(1) were often associated with wilted Welsh onion plants and seeds of some commercial cultivars. The PCR assay with FUM1 gene-specific primers has the potential to discriminate between fumonisin B(1)-producing and nonproducing isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study revealed that F. proliferatum producing fumonisin B(1) is associated with Welsh onion plants and that commercial cultivar seeds may be contaminated with the fungus. PCR amplification of FUM1 gene can be a useful tool for the rapid identification of fumonisin B(1)-producing F. proliferatum isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L M C Dissanayake
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Vasatkova A, Krizova S, Adam V, Zeman L, Kizek R. Changes in metallothionein level in rat hepatic tissue after administration of natural mouldy wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1138-60. [PMID: 19399242 PMCID: PMC2672023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. This work was aimed at investigation of influence of mouldy wheat contaminated by pathogenic fungi producing mycotoxins on metallothionein levels in hepatic tissue of rats. The rats were administrating feed mixtures with different contents of vitamins or naturally mouldy wheat for 28 days. It was found that the wheat contained deoxynivalenol (80 +/- 5 microg per kg of mouldy wheat), zearalenone (56 +/- 3 microg/kg), T2-toxin (20 +/- 2 microg/kg) and aflatoxins as a sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2 (3.9 +/- 0.2 microg/kg). Rats were fed diets containing 0, 33, 66 and 100% naturally moulded wheat. Control group 0, 33, 66 and 100% contained vitamins according to Nutrient Requirements of Rats (NRC). Other four groups (control group with vitamins, vit33, vit66 and vit100%) were fed on the same levels of mouldy wheat, also vitamins at levels 100% higher than the previous mixtures. We determined weight, feed conversion and performed dissection to observe pathological processes. Changes between control group and experimental groups exposed to influence of mouldy wheat and experimental groups supplemented by higher concentration of vitamins and mouldy wheat were not observed. Livers were sampled and did not demonstrate significant changes in morphology compared to control either. In the following experiments the levels of metallothionein as a marker of oxidative stress was determined. We observed a quite surprising trend in metallothionein levels in animals supplemented with increased concentration of vitamins. Its level enhanced with increasing content of mouldy wheat. It was possible to determine a statistically significant decline (p<0.05) between control group and groups of animals fed with 33, 66 and 100% mouldy wheat. It is likely that some mycotoxins presented in mouldy wheat are able to block the mechanism of metallothionein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vasatkova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails:
(A.V.);
(S.K.);
(V.A.);
(L.Z.)
| | - Sarka Krizova
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails:
(A.V.);
(S.K.);
(V.A.);
(L.Z.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails:
(A.V.);
(S.K.);
(V.A.);
(L.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Zeman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails:
(A.V.);
(S.K.);
(V.A.);
(L.Z.)
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +420-5-4513-3350; Fax: +420-5-4521-2044
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