1
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Choppin S, Wencel-Delord J. Sulfoxide-Directed or 3d-Metal Catalyzed C-H Activation and Hypervalent Iodines as Tools for Atroposelective Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:189-202. [PMID: 36705934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe expanding applications of atropisomeric compounds combined with the growing diversity of such chiral molecules translate into an urgent need for innovative synthetic strategies allowing their rapid, efficient, and sustainable synthesis. Recently, the C-H activation approach has provided new opportunities for synthesizing axially chiral compounds. The two complementary approaches allowing implementation of the C-H activation methodology toward the synthesis of the chiral molecules imply either ortho-functionalization of the preexisting prochiral or atropo-unstable biaryl substrates or direct C-H arylation of sterically encumbered aromatics. The first approach required the preinstallation of a directing group on a biaryl precursor, which drastically limits the diversity of thus generated products. To tackle this important synthetic limitation, we have envisioned using a chiral sulfoxide as both directing group and chiral auxiliary. Indeed, in addition to efficiently coordinating the Pd-catalyst thus allowing chiral induction, the sulfoxide moiety can be easily removed, via the sulfoxide/lithium exchange, after the C-H activation step, thus guaranteeing an almost unlimited postdiversification of the atropisomeric products. The efficiency and generality of this concept could be illustrated by developing atropo-diastereoselective oxidative Heck reaction, direct acetoxylation, and iodination, as well as direct arylation. Besides, the synthetic utility of this methodology was demonstrated by designing an expedient synthesis of a direct steganone precursor. This unique transformation also allowed us to build up unprecedented triaryl scaffolds with two perfectly controlled chiral axes, original chiral skeletons for new ligand design. While considering the atroposelective direct arylations, the clear antagonism between the harsh reaction conditions frequently required for the coupling of two sterically hindered compounds and the atropo-stability of the new product, resulted in the scarcity of such transformations. To solve this fundamental challenge, we have focused on the application of a low-valent cobalt catalyst, prompted to catalyze C-H activation of indoles at the C2 position under extremely mild reaction conditions (room temperature). Accordingly, atroposelective C2-arylation of indoles could be achieved using an original carbene ligand and delivering the uncommon atropoisomerically pure indoles in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Detailed combined experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies shed light on the mechanism of this transformation, providing strong evidence regarding the origin of the enantioselectivity. Finally, the antagonism between steric hindrance required to guarantee the atropo-stability of a molecule and harsh reaction conditions required to couple two partners is a strong limitation not only for the development of atroposelective C-H arylation reaction but also for the development of direct synthesis of the C-N axially chiral compounds. Despite the long history and incredible advances achieved in Ullmann-Goldberg and Buchwald-Hartwig couplings, atroposelective versions of such transformations have remained unprecedented until recently. Our idea to tackle this challenging issue consisted in using hypervalent iodines as highly reactive coupling partners, thus allowing the desired N-arylations to occur at room temperature. This hypothesis could be validated by reporting first atropo-diastereoselective Cu-catalyzed N-arylation, using sulfoxide λ3-iodanes as the coupling partners. Subsequently, the enantioselective version of this atroposelective N-arylation was successfully established by using a chiral Cu-complex bearing a BOX ligand. In conclusion, we report herein designing tailored-made solutions to provide new synthetic strategies to construct the atropisomeric molecules, including biaryls and C-N axially chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Choppin
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM. 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM. 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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2
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Mandal A, Jang J, Yang B, Kim H, Shin K. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative Hydrofluorination of Aryl-Substituted Alkenes with a Nucleophilic Fluorine Source. Org Lett 2023; 25:195-199. [PMID: 36583971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrocatalytic hydrofluorination of aryl-substituted alkenes with a nucleophilic fluorine source. The merger of palladium catalysis with electrooxidation enables the transformation of various substrates ranging from styrenes to more challenging α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives to the corresponding benzylic fluorides. This method can also be applied to the late-stage modification of pharmaceutical derivatives. Mechanistic studies suggest that the generation of a high-valent palladium intermediate via anodic oxidation is the crucial step in this electrocatalytic hydrofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Baeho Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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4
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Panja S, Ahsan S, Pal T, Kolb S, Ali W, Sharma S, Das C, Grover J, Dutta A, Werz DB, Paul A, Maiti D. Non-directed Pd-catalysed electrooxidative olefination of arenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9432-9439. [PMID: 36093017 PMCID: PMC9383708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fujiwara-Moritani reaction is a powerful tool for the olefination of arenes by Pd-catalysed C-H activation. However, the need for superstoichiometric amounts of toxic chemical oxidants makes the reaction unattractive from an environmental and atom-economical view. Herein, we report the first non-directed and regioselective olefination of simple arenes via an electrooxidative Fujiwara-Moritani reaction. The versatility of this operator-friendly approach was demonstrated by a broad substrate scope which includes arenes, heteroarenes and a variety of olefins. Electroanalytical studies suggest the involvement of a Pd(ii)/Pd(iv) catalytic cycle via a Pd(iii) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Panja
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Salman Ahsan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Tanay Pal
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Simon Kolb
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wajid Ali
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sulekha Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Chandan Das
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Amit Paul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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5
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Gryaznova TV, Nikanshina EO, Fayzullin RR, Islamov DR, Tarasov MV, Kholin KV, Budnikova YH. EPR-electrochemical monitoring of P–C coupling: Towards one-step electrochemical phosphorylation of acridine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Chilamari M, Immel JR, Chen PH, Alghafli BM, Bloom S. Flavin Metallaphotoredox Catalysis: Synergistic Synthesis in Water. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4175-4181. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob R. Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bayan M. Alghafli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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7
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Tahara K, Takezaki S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Synthesis of an Organometallic Alkyl-Co(III) Complex with Amidoquinoline Directing Groups via C(sp3)-H Activation and its UV-vis/NMR Spectroscopic, Crystallographic, DFT, and Electrochemical Studies. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Shun Takezaki
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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8
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Clauss R, Baweja S, Gelman D, Hey-Hawkins E. Heterobimetallic Pd/Mn and Pd/Co complexes as efficient and stereoselective catalysts for sequential Cu-free Sonogashira coupling-alkyne semi-hydrogenation reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1344-1356. [PMID: 34889939 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of heterobimetallic PdII/MII complexes (MII = Mn, Co) were synthesised and tested as precatalysts for sequential Sonogashira coupling-alkyne semi-hydrogenation reactions to form Z-aryl alkenes. The carbometalated heterobimetallic PdII/CoII complex CoPdL3' demonstrated an apparent cooperative effect compared to the corresponding monometallic counterparts. This compound was identified as a potent single-molecule catalyst for the one-pot Cu-free Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides with terminal alkynes followed by chemo- and stereoselective semi-hydrogenation of the alkyne intermediate using NH3·BH3 as a hydrogen source. Furthermore, different aromatic substrates have been tested to show the generality of the reaction for the synthesis of Z-alkenes, including biologically active combretastatin A-4. In addition, the homogeneous nature of the catalytically active species was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reike Clauss
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Saral Baweja
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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9
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Besleaga I, Stepanenko I, Petrasheuskaya TV, Darvasiova D, Breza M, Hammerstad M, Marć MA, Prado-Roller A, Spengler G, Popović-Bijelić A, Enyedy EA, Rapta P, Shutalev AD, Arion VB. Triapine Analogues and Their Copper(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Solution Speciation, Redox Activity, Cytotoxicity, and mR2 RNR Inhibition. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11297-11319. [PMID: 34279079 PMCID: PMC8335727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Three new thiosemicarbazones
(TSCs) HL1–HL3 as triapine
analogues bearing a redox-active phenolic moiety at the terminal nitrogen
atom were prepared. Reactions of HL1–HL3 with CuCl2·2H2O in anoxic methanol afforded three copper(II)
complexes, namely, Cu(HL1)Cl2 (1), [Cu(L2)Cl] (2′), and Cu(HL3)Cl2 (3), in good yields. Solution
speciation studies revealed that the metal-free ligands are stable
as HL1–HL3 at pH 7.4, while being air-sensitive in
the basic pH range. In dimethyl sulfoxide they exist as a mixture
of E and Z isomers. A mechanism
of the E/Z isomerization with an inversion at the
nitrogen atom of the Schiff base imine bond is proposed. The monocationic
complexes [Cu(L1–3)]+ are the most abundant
species in aqueous solutions at pH 7.4. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical
studies of 1, 2′, and 3 confirmed their redox activity in both the cathodic and the anodic
region of potentials. The one-electron reduction was identified as
metal-centered by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemistry.
An electrochemical oxidation pointed out the ligand-centered oxidation,
while chemical oxidations of HL1 and HL2 as well as 1 and 2′ afforded several two-electron and four-electron
oxidation products, which were isolated and comprehensively characterized.
Complexes 1 and 2′ showed an antiproliferative
activity in Colo205 and Colo320 cancer cell lines with half-maximal
inhibitory concentration values in the low micromolar concentration
range, while 3 with the most closely related ligand to
triapine displayed the best selectivity for cancer cells versus normal
fibroblast cells (MRC-5). HL1 and 1 in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol are as
potent inhibitors of mR2 ribonucleotide reductase as triapine. Three triapine analogues HL1−HL3 bearing a
phenolic redox-active moiety showed moderate antiproliferative activity,
while one of the oxidation products HL2c′·CH3COOH revealed
high cytotoxicity in Colo205 and Colo320 cancer cell lines. Coordination
of HL1−HL3 to copper(II) increased strongly the cytotoxicity,
with complex 2′ showing IC50 values
of 0.181 and 0.159, respectively. The highest cytotoxicity of 2′ is likely due to the highest thermodynamic stability,
more negative reduction potential, and the lowest rate of reduction
by GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Besleaga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iryna Stepanenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatsiana V Petrasheuskaya
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denisa Darvasiova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Breza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marta Hammerstad
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Małgorzata A Marć
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexander Prado-Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana Popović-Bijelić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anatoly D Shutalev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Clauss R, Kazimir A, Straube A, Hey-Hawkins E. Palladium Goes First: A Neutral Asymmetric Heteroditopic N, P Ligand Forming Pd-3d Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8722-8733. [PMID: 34060826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A facile two-step synthesis of bis(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyrimidine from pyridine-2-carbaldehyde and 2-diphenylphosphanylbenzaldehyde gave access to the new asymmetric ligand 1. The phosphane selectively guides PdII into the softer tridentate N,N,P pocket, yielding monometallic complex 2. A second reaction with a 3d transition metal complex precursor (groups 7 to 12) fills the vacant N,N,N pocket and thus provides a variety of heterobimetallic complexes of the type PdII/MII (M = Mn (3), Fe (4), Co (5), Ni (6), Cu (7), Zn (8)). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were performed for all complexes. The assembly of μ2-chlorido-bridged dimers was observed for complexes 5-7 in the solid state, while DOSY NMR experiments have shown that 5-7 are unbridged monomers in solution. As an exception, FeII prefers to form the homoleptic meridional complex [Fe{PdCl(1)}2](OTf)4 (4). The electrochemical behavior and the effective magnetic moment in solution were investigated for all complexes by cyclic voltammetry and Evans method, respectively. Experimental UV/vis results were interpreted by performing TD-DFT calculations on 1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reike Clauss
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kazimir
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Straube
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Kakiuchi F, Kochi T. Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Functionalizations Utilizing Electrochemical Oxidations. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2320-2331. [PMID: 33835682 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalizations have been extensively studied as atom- and step-economical clean methods in organic synthesis. In this account, we described our efforts on the palladium-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalizations, including C-H halogenations of arylpyridines and benzamide derivatives using HCl/HBr and I2 as a halogen source, a one-pot process giving teraryls via the palladium-catalyzed electrochemical C-H iodination and subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, and an iodine-mediated oxidative homo-coupling reaction of arylpyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
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12
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Budnikova YH. Electrochemical Insight into Mechanisms and Metallocyclic Intermediates of C-H Functionalization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2148-2163. [PMID: 33629800 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis and electrosynthesis as well as in the development of new methodologies for producing fine chemicals. In order to achieve efficient and selective C-H functionalization, different strategies have been used to accelerate the C-H activation step, including the incorporation of directing groups in the substrate that facilitate coordination to the catalyst. In this review, we try to underscore that the understanding the mechanisms of the catalytic cycle and the reactivity or redox activity of the key metal cyclic intermediates in these reactions is the basis for controlling the selectivity of synthesis and electrosynthesis. Combination of the electrosynthesis and voltammetry with traditional synthetic and physico-chemical methods allows one to achieve selective transformation of C-H bonds to functionalized C-C or C-X (X=heteroatom or halogen) bonds which may encourage organic chemists to use it in the future more often. The possibilities and the benefits of electrochemical techniques are analyzed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia H Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx street, 68, 420015, Kazan, Russia
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13
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Kim RS, Wegener EC, Yang MC, O'Reilly ME, Oh S, Hendon CH, Miller JT, Surendranath Y. Rapid Electrochemical Methane Functionalization Involves Pd-Pd Bonded Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20631-20639. [PMID: 33231440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-valent Pd complexes are potent agents for the oxidative functionalization of inert C-H bonds, and it was previously shown that rapid electrocatalytic methane monofunctionalization could be achieved by electro-oxidation of PdII to a critical dinuclear PdIII intermediate in concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid. However, the structure of this highly reactive, unisolable intermediate, as well as the structural basis for its mechanism of electrochemical formation, remained elusive. Herein, we use X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopies to assemble a structural model of the potent methane-activating intermediate as a PdIII dimer with a Pd-Pd bond and a 5-fold O atom coordination by HxSO4(x-2) ligands at each Pd center. We further use EPR spectroscopy to identify a mixed-valent M-M bonded Pd2II,III species as a key intermediate during the PdII-to-PdIII2 oxidation. Combining EPR and electrochemical data, we quantify the free energy of Pd dimerization as <-4.5 kcal/mol for Pd2II,III and <-9.1 kcal/mol for PdIII2. The structural and thermochemical data suggest that the aggregate effect of metal-metal and axial metal-ligand bond formation drives the critical Pd dimerization reaction in between electrochemical oxidation steps. This work establishes a structural basis for the facile electrochemical oxidation of PdII to a M-M bonded PdIII dimer and provides a foundation for understanding its rapid methane functionalization reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan C Wegener
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Min Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Matthew E O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Seokjoon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Kakiuchi F, Kochi T. New Strategy for Catalytic Oxidative C–H Functionalization: Efficient Combination of Transition-metal Catalyst and Electrochemical Oxidation. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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15
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Gandeepan P, Finger LH, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. 3d metallaelectrocatalysis for resource economical syntheses. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4254-4272. [PMID: 32458919 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resource economy constitutes one of the key challenges for researchers and practitioners in academia and industries, in terms of rising demand for sustainable and green synthetic methodology. To achieve ideal levels of resource economy in molecular syntheses, novel avenues are required, which include, but are not limited to the use of naturally abundant, renewable feedstocks, solvents, metal catalysts, energy, and redox reagents. In this context, electrosyntheses create the unique possibility to replace stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing reagents as well as electron transfer events by electric current. Particularly, the merger of Earth-abundant 3d metal catalysis and electrooxidation has recently been recognized as an increasingly viable strategy to forge challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds for complex organic molecules in a sustainable fashion under mild reaction conditions. In this review, we highlight the key developments in 3d metallaelectrocatalysis in the context of resource economy in molecular syntheses until February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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16
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Gryaznova TV, Khrizanforov MN, Levitskaya AI, Kh.Rizvanov I, Balakina MY, Ivshin KA, Kataeva ON, Budnikova YH. Electrochemically Driven and Acid-Driven Pyridine-Directed ortho-Phosphorylation of C(sp2)–H Bonds. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Gryaznova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail N. Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alina I. Levitskaya
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Ildar Kh.Rizvanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Yu. Balakina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Kamil A. Ivshin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Olga N. Kataeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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17
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Wang D, Jahan F, Meise KJ, Lindeman SV, Gardinier JR. Silver(I) and Copper(I) Complexes of Semi‐Bulky Nitrogen‐Confused
C
‐Scorpionates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry Marquette University 1414 W. Clybourne St 53233 Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Fathiya Jahan
- Department of Chemistry Marquette University 1414 W. Clybourne St 53233 Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Kristen J. Meise
- Department of Chemistry Marquette University 1414 W. Clybourne St 53233 Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Sergey V. Lindeman
- Department of Chemistry Marquette University 1414 W. Clybourne St 53233 Milwaukee WI USA
| | - James R. Gardinier
- Department of Chemistry Marquette University 1414 W. Clybourne St 53233 Milwaukee WI USA
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18
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Strekalova SO, Grinenko VV, Gryaznova TV, Kononov AI, Dolengovski EL, Budnikova YH. Electrochemical phosphorylation of arenes catalyzed by cobalt under oxidative and reductive conditions. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1540488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. O. Strekalova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - V. V. Grinenko
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - T. V. Gryaznova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - A. I. Kononov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - E. L. Dolengovski
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Y. H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia B. Dudkina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
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20
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Budnikova YH. Opportunities and challenges for combining electro- and organometallic catalysis in C(sp2)-H phosphonation. PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of organoelemental compounds including carbon-phosphorus derivatives is now one of the most rapidly developing fields of research, regarding both fundamental science and solution of applied problems. Extensive opportunities for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds are opened up by the use of unconventional methods, first of all, electrochemical ones, which combine the benefits of usual homogeneous chemistry in solution and electrochemistry, where reactants are generated at the electrodes directly in the reaction system. The interest in the organic electrosynthesis is caused by several factors, including mild conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure), the possibility of conducting reactions in a closed system with a low concentration of the catalyst, which is readily regenerated. This mini-review generalizes the achievements in the field of development of new electrochemical, efficient and atom-economical, catalytic methods for the formation of aromatic carbon – phosphorus bonds and some historical background of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia H. Budnikova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, KSC of RAS , 420088, Kazan, Arbuzov str., 8 , Kazan , Russia
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21
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Dudkina YB, Fayzullin RR, Lyssenko KA, Gubaidullin AT, Kholin KV, Levitskaya AI, Balakina MY, Budnikova YH. Cyclometalated Nickel Complexes as Key Intermediates in C(sp2)–H Bond Functionalization: Synthesis, Catalysis, Electrochemical Properties, and DFT Calculations. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B. Dudkina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V. Kholin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alina I. Levitskaya
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Yu. Balakina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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22
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Khrizanforov MN, Fedorenko SV, Mustafina AR, Kholin KV, Nizameev IR, Strekalova SO, Grinenko VV, Gryaznova TV, Zairov RR, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Vomiero A, Budnikova YH. Silica-supported silver nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for aromatic C-H alkylation and fluoroalkylation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9608-9616. [PMID: 29855006 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient catalysis of oxidative alkylation and fluoroalkylation of aromatic C-H bonds is of paramount importance in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, and requires the development of convenient Ag0-based nano-architectures with high catalytic activity and recyclability. We prepared Ag-doped silica nanoparticles (Ag0/+@SiO2) with a specific nano-architecture, where ultra-small sized silver cores are immersed in silica spheres, 40 nm in size. The nano-architecture provides an efficient electrochemical oxidation of Ag+@SiO2 without any external oxidant. In turn, Ag+@SiO2 5 mol% results in 100% conversion of arenes into their alkylated and fluoroalkylated derivatives in a single step at room temperature under nanoheterogeneous electrochemical conditions. Negligible oxidative leaching of silver from Ag0/+@SiO2 is recorded during the catalytic coupling of arenes with acetic, difluoroacetic and trifluoroacetic acids, which enables the good recyclability of the catalytic function of the Ag0/+@SiO2 nanostructure. The catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused a minimum of five times upon electrochemical regeneration. The use of the developed Ag0@SiO2 nano-architecture as a heterogeneous catalyst facilitates aromatic C-H bond substitution by alkyl and fluoroalkyl groups, which are privileged structural motifs in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., Kazan 420088, Russian Federation.
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23
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Legarda PD, García-Rubia A, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Palladium-catalyzed ortho-olefination of 2-arylpyrrolidines: A tool for increasing structural complexity in nitrogen heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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