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Richards SL, Sousan S, Murray W, White A, Peyton K, Slade R. Development of novel compact wind tunnel for testing efficacy of insecticide formulated products in mosquitoes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3140-3148. [PMID: 38345320 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-low volume (ULV) space sprays aerosolize insecticide formulated products (FP) to contact flying mosquitoes, while barrier sprays expose mosquitoes to FP residue on vegetation and other surfaces. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassays used to assess insecticide resistance are based on residual active ingredient (AI) exposure and do not directly relate to FP efficacy. The current pilot study developed a novel compact wind tunnel for mosquito exposure to FP. Caged Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens/quinquefasciatus were exposed to undiluted Biomist®3 + 15 FP (permethrin AI) or air (control) within the wind tunnel, transferred to new cages, and held in a 28 °C incubator. Separate mosquitoes were exposed to residual permethrin AI (8 μg mL-1) in bottle bioassays. Mortality was monitored 15, 30, 60, and 120 min post-exposure. RESULTS Chi-square tests (P < 0.05) showed significantly higher mortality in Aedes compared to Culex populations for most time points in both bioassay and wind tunnel exposure groups. As expected, mosquitoes exposed to Biomist®3 + 15 showed higher mortality rates than bottle bioassay exposure to permethrin. Two Culex colonies resistant to permethrin in bottle bioassays were susceptible to Biomist®3 + 15 in the wind tunnel. CONCLUSION The novel compact wind tunnel developed here may be an alternative to field trials for testing FP efficacy, avoiding factors such as weather, logistical planning, and extended personnel hours. The wind tunnel could allow programs to conveniently test efficacy of multiple FP. Comparisons of different insecticide exposure methods provide practical information to inform operational decisions. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sinan Sousan
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Will Murray
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Avian White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kaya Peyton
- College of Health and Sciences, Department of Environmental, Earth, and Geospatial Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raven Slade
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Brabec D, Lanka S, Campbell JF, Arthur FH, Scheff DS, Yan-Zhu K. Aerosolized Insecticide Spray Distributions and Relationships to Efficacy against Stored Product Pests. INSECTS 2023; 14:914. [PMID: 38132588 PMCID: PMC10744046 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol insecticides are widely used in stored product insect management programs in food facilities. Previous research has shown spatial variation in aerosol efficacy within facilities, but information on how spatial patterns of aerosol droplet concentration, size distribution, dispersal, and deposition contribute to this variation in efficacy is limited. This study involved two aerosol application systems: a high-pressure cylinder containing TurboCide Py-75® with pyriproxyfen IGR (ChemTech Ltd., Des Moines, IA, USA) and a hand-held fogger containing Pyrocide 100® (MGK, Minneapolis, MN, USA) with Diacon II which contains methoprene IGR (Wellmark, Schaumburg, IL, USA). These systems were used at single or multiple application locations. The spray trials were conducted in a small-scale flour mill, Hall Ross Flour Mill (Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA). The droplet size distributions were monitored at multiple positions within the room using nine aerodynamic particle sizing (APS, TSI Incorp, Shoreview, MN, USA) instruments. The APS data collected over the treatment period were summarized into a mass concentration index (MCI), which ranged from 155 to 2549 mg/m3 for Turbocide and 235-5658 mg/m3 for Pyrocide. A second parameter called the Deposition Index (Dep.Idx) was derived to estimate potential insecticide depositions on the floor and has units of g/m2. The Dep.Idx was below 5.3 g/m2 for most Turbocide applications, while the Dep.Idx was below 8.4 g/m2 for most Pyrocide applications. The MCI and Dep.Idx values varied with APS position and spray application location, with proximity to the aerosol application location and degree of obstruction between the release point and APS position contributing to this variation. We assessed the relationship between aerosol droplet parameters and insect efficacy using Tribolium confusum Jacqueline DuVal, the confused flour beetle. The adults were treated directly, while the larvae were treated two weeks later during the residual test (previously published). For Turbocide, efficacy against adults increased with MCI and Dep.Idx values, but for residual efficacy of the IGR, efficacy was high at all aerosol droplet values, so no relationship was apparent. In contrast, the relationship between Pyrocide deposition and adult insect efficacy was highly variable. But with larval insect efficacy, residual larvae control was directly related to increases in Pyrocide MCI and Dep.Idx. Contour plots of Dep.Idx values were developed, which could be used to predict areas of the mill that are not receiving an adequate application rate, and this could be used to develop more effective application strategies for aerosol insecticides in food facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brabec
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA (D.S.S.)
| | - Srinivas Lanka
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - James F. Campbell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA (D.S.S.)
| | - Frank H. Arthur
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA (D.S.S.)
| | - Deanna S. Scheff
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA (D.S.S.)
| | - Kun Yan-Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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Stejskal V, Vendl T, Aulicky R, Athanassiou C. Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control. INSECTS 2021; 12:590. [PMID: 34209742 PMCID: PMC8305526 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The selective application of insecticides is one of the cornerstones of integrated pest management (IPM) and management strategies for pest resistance to insecticides. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional and new methods for the application of gas, liquid, gel, and solid physical insecticide formulations to control stored-product and food industry urban pests from the taxa Acarina, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Psocoptera, and Zygentoma. Various definitions and concepts historically and currently used for various pesticide application formulations and methods are also described. This review demonstrates that new technological advances have sparked renewed research interest in the optimization of conventional methods such as insecticide aerosols, sprays, fumigants, and inert gases. Insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs) are increasingly employed in baits, aerosols, residual treatments, and as spray-residual protectants for long-term stored-grain protection. Insecticide-impregnated hypoxic multilayer bags have been proven to be one of the most promising low-cost and safe methods for hermetic grain storage in developing countries. Insecticide-impregnated netting and food baits were originally developed for the control of urban/medical pests and have been recognized as an innovative technology for the protection of stored commodities. New biodegradable acaricide gel coatings and nets have been suggested for the protection of ham meat. Tablets and satchels represent a new approach for the application of botanicals. Many emerging technologies can be found in the form of impregnated protective packaging (insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs), natural repellents), pheromone-based attracticides, electrostatic dust or sprays, nanoparticles, edible artificial sweeteners, hydrogels, inert baits with synthetic attractants, biodegradable encapsulations of active ingredients, and cyanogenic protective grain coatings. Smart pest control technologies based on RNA-based gene silencing compounds incorporated into food baits stand at the forefront of current strategic research. Inert gases and dust (diatomaceous earth) are positive examples of alternatives to synthetic pesticide products, for which methods of application and their integration with other methods have been proposed and implemented in practice. Although many promising laboratory studies have been conducted on the biological activity of natural botanical insecticides, published studies demonstrating their effective industrial field usage in grain stores and food production facilities are scarce. This review shows that the current problems associated with the application of some natural botanical insecticides (e.g., sorption, stability, field efficacy, and smell) to some extent echo problems that were frequently encountered and addressed almost 100 years ago during the transition from ancient to modern classical chemical pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Stejskal
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Tomas Vendl
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Radek Aulicky
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece;
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Scheff DS, Campbell JF, Arthur FH, Zhu KY. Effects of Aerosol Insecticide Application Location on the Patterns of Residual Efficacy Against Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2007-2015. [PMID: 32463453 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol insecticides are one tool that pest management professionals can utilize as a spatial treatment inside food facilities and storage warehouses. Methods of aerosol application can vary significantly and can affect the spatial pattern of efficacy achieved. We investigated how the location from which an aerosol insecticide is applied inside a mill influenced the spatial dispersal of the insecticide. Treatments were performed using two commercial formulations, pyrethrin + pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator [IGR]) and pyrethrin + methoprene (IGR), applied at one of three static locations or a fourth application comprising of splitting the application among all three locations. Concrete arenas were placed out at different locations within the mill during applications. At 2, 4, and 6 wk post-aerosol application, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, confused flour beetle, larvae were added to the concrete arenas and monitored for development and efficacy was evaluated based on percent adult emergence and an efficacy index that ranged from 1 (low) to 21 (high). The spatial pattern of aerosol coverage varied between insecticide formulations and the aerosol application location. Areas of the mill near walls, corners, equipment, and farthest away from the application location had larger zones of low efficacy index values among all four application locations. This study illustrated that the aerosol insecticide formulation, application location, and delivery method all significantly influenced residual efficacies of the insecticides. To increase the overall spatial coverage and IGR efficacy, targeting these areas of a mill floor with the aerosol or additional intervention techniques would increase uniform coverages and overall effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna S Scheff
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - James F Campbell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - Frank H Arthur
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Arthur FH, Athanassiou CG, Morrison WR. Mobility of Stored Product Beetles after Exposure to a Combination Insecticide Containing Deltamethrin, Methoprene, and a Piperonyl Butoxide Synergist Depends on Species, Concentration, and Exposure Time. INSECTS 2020; 11:E151. [PMID: 32121416 PMCID: PMC7142774 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
: Adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), the rusty grain beetle, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, were exposed for 1, 24, and 72 h on wheat treated with concentrations of 0% (untreated controls) to 100% of the proposed label rate of an experimental formulation of deltamethrin + Methoprene + piperonyl butoxide synergist. Movement and velocity of movement were assessed after each exposure time using a camera-based monitoring system (Ethovision®). Movement of R. dominica decreased with increasing concentration and exposure time, so that movement had virtually ceased at the 48 and 72 h exposures. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was less susceptible compared to R. dominica, but there was still a general pattern of decreased movement and velocity of movement with increasing concentration and exposure time. Sitophilus oryzae was the least susceptible species, with less differences at the 1 h exposure interval compared to the other two species, but after 24-72 h, the patterns of declining movement and velocity were apparent as the concentration increased. Data were analyzed using curve-fit equations to show the relationship between concentration and exposure time for each species. Results show that the Ethovison system can be used to assess the sub-lethal effects of exposure to grain protectant insecticides and elucidate behavioral variation between different stored product insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Arthur
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str. N. Ionia, 38843 Volos, Greece
| | - W. Robert Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
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