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Smith JD, Steiman MW. Pasture dragging fails to reliably suppress the emergence of horn flies (Haematobia irritans) and face flies (Musca autumnalis) from dung pats in a Mid-Atlantic North American climate. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:37-46. [PMID: 36054704 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The beef industry endures major economic losses from a complex of flies that feed on bovine blood and mucus. For cattle on pasture, the most important of these pests are horn flies (Haematobia irritans [L.] [Diptera: Muscidae]) and face flies (Musca autumnalis [Diptera: Muscidae] De Geer). Pasture dragging to spread manure pats has been promoted as a management tactic for these species because their larvae inhabit bovine manure pats, but the efficacy of this practice has not been empirically validated. Spreading pats might promote fly mortality through desiccation or overheating, but these processes are weather-dependent and warrant testing in disparate climates. We evaluated pasture dragging effects while monitoring for weather interactions throughout nine experiment rounds in summers of 2018 and 2020 in Pennsylvania, USA. The manure spreading treatments increased pat surface area up to 300% but failed to significantly reduce emergence of horn flies and face flies as compared to controls. In contrast, precipitation and temperature were significant predictors in fly emergence models. Surprisingly, face fly emergence was significantly elevated in dragged pats twice in 2020. These data call for a reevaluation of pasture dragging as a management technique for horn flies and face flies across a range of climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Smith
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, York College of Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania, USA
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Monteiro Sobrinho ADC, Leal LCDSR, Monteiro Neto JLL, Chambarelli MCMDC, Bittencourt AJ. Evaluation in vitro of the virulence of two entomopathogenic heterorhabditid nematodes in the control of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae in byproducts of the sugar and alcohol industry. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e016022. [PMID: 37132736 PMCID: PMC10153492 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomoxys calcitrans causes losses to livestock, mainly to cattle. This study aimed to determine the pathogenic potential of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7 against S. calcitrans larvae after being exposed to byproducts of the sugar and alcohol industry. The efficacy of EPNs on stable fly larvae was evaluated in bioassays with vinasse at three temperatures (16, 25 and 35 °C) and concentrations (0, 50 and 100%), as well as in relation to larva age (4, 6 and 8 days) in filter cake and EPNs concentration (100, 300 and 500 IJs/larva) in sugarcane bagasse. H. bacteriophora showed higher efficacy than H. baujardi at all temperatures. Vinasse did not have a negative effect on the virulence of H. bacteriophora. The age of fly larvae did not affect the mortality rates caused by the EPNs. In bagasse, H. bacteriophora presented higher mortality rates than the control group. It is concluded that EPNs can be a potential component in integrated strategies of stable fly control and outbreak prevention in areas of sugar and alcohol production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Avelino José Bittencourt
- Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Issimov A, Taylor DB, Zhugunissov K, Kutumbetov L, Zhanabayev A, Kazhgaliyev N, Akhmetaliyeva A, Nurgaliyev B, Shalmenov M, Absatirov G, Dushayeva L, White PJ. The combined effects of temperature and relative humidity parameters on the reproduction of Stomoxys species in a laboratory setting. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242794. [PMID: 33347453 PMCID: PMC7751869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Stomoxys species (S. calcitrans, S. sitiens and S. indica) were examined to improve on the current technique for mass rearing using a method of combined incubation parameters. Moreover, the reproductive potential of immature forms at various stages of development was defined. Immature forms of stable flies were incubated according to species. There was no significant difference in the number of immature forms obtained among species incubated under the same conditions. Six incubation parameters were used in combination, at temperatures (T) of 32°C, 27°C and 22°C and relative humidity (RH) of 90% and 70% RH. The combined method resulted in a higher number of eggs hatching at 32°C and 90% humidity as well as an increase in the number of larva pupated and emergence of imago at 27°C and 70% humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Issimov
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - David B. Taylor
- Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Zhanabayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlybay Kazhgaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Akhmetaliyeva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian–Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Birzhan Nurgaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian–Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Malik Shalmenov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian–Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaisa Absatirov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian–Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Laura Dushayeva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian–Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Peter J. White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Taylor DB, Harrison K, Zhu JJ. Methods for Surveying Stable Fly Populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 33135761 PMCID: PMC7751195 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies are among the most important pests of livestock throughout much of the world. Their painful bites induce costly behavioral and physiological stress responses and reduce productivity. Stable flies are anthropogenic and their population dynamics vary depending on agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Standardized sampling methods are needed to better identify the factors controlling stable fly populations, test novel control technologies, and determine optimal management strategies. The current study reviewed methods used for a long-term study of stable fly population dynamics in the central Great Plains. An additional study compared the relative size of flies sampled from the general population with that of flies sampled emerging from substrates associated with livestock production. Flies developing in livestock associated substrates are significantly larger than those in the general population indicating that other types of developmental sites are contributing significant numbers of flies to the general population. Because efforts to identify those sites have yet to be successful, we speculate that they may be sites with low densities of developing stable flies, but covering large areas such as croplands and grasslands. The stable fly surveillance methods discussed can be used and further improved for monitoring stable fly populations for research and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kyle Harrison
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
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