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Toma GA, Sember A, Goes CAG, Kretschmer R, Porto-Foresti F, Bertollo LAC, Liehr T, Utsunomia R, de Bello Cioffi M. Satellite DNAs and the evolution of the multiple X 1X 2Y sex chromosomes in the wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei; Characiformes). Sci Rep 2024; 14:20402. [PMID: 39223262 PMCID: PMC11369246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sex chromosomes usually arise from chromosomal rearrangements which involve ancestral sex chromosomes. There is a fundamental condition to be met for their long-term fixation: the meiosis must function, leading to the stability of the emerged system, mainly concerning the segregation of the sex multivalent. Here, we sought to analyze the degree of differentiation and meiotic pairing properties in the selected fish multiple sex chromosome system present in the wolf-fish Hoplias malabaricus (HMA). This species complex encompasses seven known karyotype forms (karyomorphs) where the karyomorph C (HMA-C) exhibits a nascent XY sex chromosomes from which the multiple X1X2Y system evolved in karyomorph HMA-D via a Y-autosome fusion. We combined genomic and cytogenetic approaches to analyze the satellite DNA (satDNA) content in the genome of HMA-D karyomorph and to investigate its potential contribution to X1X2Y sex chromosome differentiation. We revealed 56 satDNA monomers of which the majority was AT-rich and with repeat units longer than 100 bp. Seven out of 18 satDNA families chosen for chromosomal mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) formed detectable accumulation in at least one of the three sex chromosomes (X1, X2 and neo-Y). Nine satDNA monomers showed only two hybridization signals limited to HMA-D autosomes, and the two remaining ones provided no visible FISH signals. Out of seven satDNAs located on the HMA-D sex chromosomes, five mapped also to XY chromosomes of HMA-C. We showed that after the autosome-Y fusion event, the neo-Y chromosome has not substantially accumulated or eliminated satDNA sequences except for minor changes in the centromere-proximal region. Finally, based on the obtained FISHpatterns, we speculate on the possible contribution of satDNA to sex trivalent pairing and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Akira Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Ffrench-Constant RH, Bennie J, Gordon IJ, Depew L, Smith DAS. Penetrance interactions of colour pattern loci in the African Monarch and their implications for the evolution of dominance. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11024. [PMID: 38414566 PMCID: PMC10898957 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Scoring the penetrance of heterozygotes in complex phenotypes, like colour pattern, is difficult and complicates the analysis of systems in which dominance is incomplete or evolving. The African Monarch (Danaus chrysippus) represents an example where colour pattern heterozygotes, formed in the contact zone between the different subspecies, show such intermediate dominance. Colour pattern in this aposematic butterfly is controlled by three loci A, B and C. The B and C loci are closely linked in a B/C supergene and significant interaction of B and C phenotypes is therefore expected via linkage alone. The A locus, however, is not linked to B/C and is found on a different chromosome. To study interactions between these loci we generated colour pattern heterozygotes by crossing males and females bearing different A and B/C genotypes, collected from different parts of Africa. We derived a novel scoring system for the expressivity of the heterozygotes and, as predicted, we found significant interactions between the genotypes of the closely linked B and C loci. Surprisingly, however, we also found highly significant interactions between C and the unlinked A locus, modifications that generally increased the resemblance of heterozygotes to homozygous ancestors. In contrast, we found no difference in the penetrance of any of the corresponding heterozygotes from crosses conducted either in allopatry or sympatry, in reciprocal crosses of males and females, or in the presence or absence of endosymbiont mediated male-killing or its associated neoW mediated sex-linkage of colour pattern. Together, this data supports the idea that the different colour morphs of the African Monarch meet transiently in the East African contact zone and that genetic modifiers act to mask inappropriate expression of colour patterns in the incorrect environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Bennie
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Ian J Gordon
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda
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Malmberg J, Martin SH, Gordon IJ, Sihvonen P, Duplouy A. Morphological changes in female reproductive organs in the African monarch butterfly, host to a male-killing Spiroplasma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15853. [PMID: 37601261 PMCID: PMC10437039 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual selection and conflicts within and between sexes promote morphological diversity of reproductive traits within species. Variation in the morphology of diagnostic reproductive characters within species offer an excellent opportunity to study these evolutionary processes as drivers of species diversification. The African monarch, Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758), is widespread across Africa. The species is polytypic, with the respective geographical ranges of the four colour morphs only overlapping in East Africa. Furthermore, some of the populations host an endosymbiotic bacterium, Spiroplasma, which induces son-killing and distorts the local host population sex-ratio, creating sexual conflicts between the females seeking to optimize their fecundity and the limited mating capacity of the rare males. Methods We dissected females from Kenya, Rwanda and South Africa, where Spiroplasma vary in presence and prevalence (high, variable and absent, respectively), and conducted microscopy imaging of their reproductive organs. We then characterized the effect of population, female body size, and female mating status, on the size and shape of different genitalia characters of the D. chrysippus female butterflies. Results We showed that although the general morphology of the organs is conserved in D. chrysippus, female genitalia vary in size and shape between and within populations. The virgin females have smaller organs, while the same organs were expanded in mated females. Females from highly female-biased populations, where the male-killing Spiroplasma is prevalent, also have a larger area of their corpus bursae covered with signa structures. However, this pattern occurs because a larger proportion of the females remains virgin in the female-biased populations rather than because of male depletion due to the symbiont, as males from sex-ratio distorted populations did not produce significantly smaller nutritious spermatophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Malmberg
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon H. Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburg, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburg, UK
| | - Ian J. Gordon
- Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, Huye Campus, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Pasi Sihvonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History ‘Luomus’, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Center for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rutagarama VP, Ireri PM, Sibomana C, Omufwoko KS, Martin SH, ffrench‐Constant RH, Eckardt W, Kaplin BK, Smith DAS, Gordon I. African Queens find mates when males are rare. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9956. [PMID: 37021082 PMCID: PMC10067808 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In butterflies and moths, male‐killing endosymbionts are transmitted from infected females via their eggs, and the male progeny then perish. This means that successful transmission of the parasite relies on the successful mating of the host. Paradoxically, at the population level, parasite transmission also reduces the number of adult males present in the final population for infected females to mate with. Here we investigate if successful female mating when males are rare is indeed a likely rate‐limiting step in the transmission of male‐killing Spiroplasma in the African Monarch, Danaus chrysippus. In Lepidoptera, successful pairings are hallmarked by the transfer of a sperm‐containing spermatophore from the male to the female during copulation. Conveniently, this spermatophore remains detectable within the female upon dissection, and thus, spermatophore counts can be used to assess the frequency of successful mating in the field. We used such spermatophore counts to examine if altered sex ratios in the D. chrysippus do indeed affect female mating success. We examined two different field sites in East Africa where males were often rare. Surprisingly, mated females carried an average of 1.5 spermatophores each, regardless of male frequency, and importantly, only 10–20% remained unmated. This suggests that infected females will still be able to mate in the face of either Spiroplasma‐mediated male killing and/or fluctuations in adult sex ratio over the wet–dry season cycle. These observations may begin to explain how the male‐killing mollicute can still be successfully transmitted in a population where males are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Rutagarama
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
| | - Piera M. Ireri
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
| | - Constantin Sibomana
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
| | - Kennedy S. Omufwoko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Simon H. Martin
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Beth K. Kaplin
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity & Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of RwandaButareRwanda
| | | | - Ian Gordon
- Department of Biology, College of Science and TechnologyUniversity of RwandaKigaliRwanda
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Liu W, Smith DAS, Raina G, Stanforth R, Ng'Iru I, Ireri P, Martins DJ, Gordon IJ, Martin SH. Global biogeography of warning coloration in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210639. [PMID: 35642381 PMCID: PMC9156917 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warning coloration provides a textbook example of natural selection, but the frequent observation of polymorphism in aposematic species presents an evolutionary puzzle. We investigated biogeography and polymorphism of warning patterns in the widespread butterfly Danaus chrysippus using records from citizen science (n = 5467), museums (n = 8864) and fieldwork (n = 2586). We find that polymorphism in three traits controlled by known mendelian loci is extensive. Broad allele frequency clines, hundreds of kilometres wide, suggest a balance between long-range dispersal and predation of unfamiliar morphs. Mismatched clines for the white hindwing and forewing tip in East Africa are consistent with a previous finding that the black wingtip allele has spread recently in the region through hitchhiking with a heritable endosymbiont. Light/dark background coloration shows more extensive polymorphism. The darker genotype is more common in cooler regions, possibly reflecting a trade-off between thermoregulation and predator warning. Overall, our findings show how studying local adaptation at the global scale provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary forces involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Gayatri Raina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | | | | | - Piera Ireri
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dino J Martins
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ian J Gordon
- Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda Huye Campus, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ndatimana G, Kayitete L, Martin S, Smith DAS, Hagenimana T, Nkundimana A, Muhayimana S, Antony J, Sibomana C, Uwizelimana JDD, Omufwoko KS, Nyirakanani C, Gordon IJ. Morph frequencies, sex ratios and infections in
Danaus chrysippus
populations in Rwanda. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laban Kayitete
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Karisoke Research Center Musanze Rwanda
| | - Simon Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Thacien Hagenimana
- Department of Biology University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
| | | | | | - Jonas Antony
- Department of Biology University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Karisoke Research Center Musanze Rwanda
| | | | - Jean de Dieu Uwizelimana
- Department of Biology University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
| | | | | | - Ian J. Gordon
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda
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Smith DA, Bennie JJ, Gordon IJ, Martin S, Ireri P, Omufwoko KS, Ffrench-Constant RH. Hybrid effects in field populations of the African monarch butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021; 133:671-684. [PMID: 34539176 PMCID: PMC8444992 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterosis, Haldane and Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller effects have been widely documented amongst a range of plants and animals. However, typically these effects are shown by taking parents of known genotype into the laboratory and measuring components of the F1 progeny under laboratory conditions. This leaves in doubt the real significance of such effects in the field. Here we use the well-known colour pattern genotypes of the African monarch or queen (Danaus chrysippus), which also control wing length, to test these effects both in the laboratory and in a contact zone in the field. By measuring the wing lengths in animals of known colour pattern genotype we show clear evidence for all three hybrid effects at the A and BC colour patterning loci, and importantly, that these same effects persist in the same presumptive F1s when measured in hybrid populations in the field. This demonstrates the power of a system in which genotypes can be directly inferred in the field and highlights that all three hybrid effects can be seen in the East African contact zone of this fascinating butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David As Smith
- Natural History Museum, Eton College, Windsor SL4 6DW, UK
| | - Jon J Bennie
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ian J Gordon
- Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, RN1, Huye Campus, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Simon Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH1 3FL, UK
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Kennedy S Omufwoko
- Mpala Research Centre (Princeton University), Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555-10400, Kenya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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