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Jackson AC, Jorna J, Chaston JM, Adams BJ. Glacial Legacies: Microbial Communities of Antarctic Refugia. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101440. [PMID: 36290344 PMCID: PMC9598129 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the cold deserts of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) the suitability of soil for microbial life is determined by both contemporary processes and legacy effects. Climatic changes and accompanying glacial activity have caused local extinctions and lasting geochemical changes to parts of these soil ecosystems over several million years, while areas of refugia may have escaped these disturbances and existed under relatively stable conditions. This study describes the impact of historical glacial and lacustrine disturbance events on microbial communities across the MDV to investigate how this divergent disturbance history influenced the structuring of microbial communities across this otherwise very stable ecosystem. Soil bacterial communities from 17 sites representing either putative refugia or sites disturbed during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (22-17 kya) were characterized using 16 S metabarcoding. Regardless of geographic distance, several putative refugia sites at elevations above 600 m displayed highly similar microbial communities. At a regional scale, community composition was found to be influenced by elevation and geographic proximity more so than soil geochemical properties. These results suggest that despite the extreme conditions, diverse microbial communities exist in these putative refugia that have presumably remained undisturbed at least through the LGM. We suggest that similarities in microbial communities can be interpreted as evidence for historical climate legacies on an ecosystem-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Jackson
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Correspondence: (A.C.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Jesse Jorna
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Correspondence: (A.C.J.); (J.J.)
| | - John M. Chaston
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Byron J. Adams
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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2
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Beet CR, Hogg ID, Cary SC, McDonald IR, Sinclair BJ. The Resilience of Polar Collembola (Springtails) in a Changing Climate. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100046. [PMID: 36683955 PMCID: PMC9846479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the resilience of polar biota to climate change is essential for predicting the effects of changing environmental conditions for ecosystems. Collembola are abundant in terrestrial polar ecosystems and are integral to food-webs and soil nutrient cycling. Using available literature, we consider resistance (genetic diversity; behavioural avoidance and physiological tolerances; biotic interactions) and recovery potential for polar Collembola. Polar Collembola have high levels of genetic diversity, considerable capacity for behavioural avoidance, wide thermal tolerance ranges, physiological plasticity, generalist-opportunistic feeding habits and broad ecological niches. The biggest threats to the ongoing resistance of polar Collembola are increasing levels of dispersal (gene flow), increased mean and extreme temperatures, drought, changing biotic interactions, and the arrival and spread of invasive species. If resistance capacities are insufficient, numerous studies have highlighted that while some species can recover from disturbances quickly, complete community-level recovery is exceedingly slow. Species dwelling deeper in the soil profile may be less able to resist climate change and may not recover in ecologically realistic timescales given the current rate of climate change. Ultimately, diverse communities are more likely to have species or populations that are able to resist or recover from disturbances. While much of the Arctic has comparatively high levels of diversity and phenotypic plasticity; areas of Antarctica have extremely low levels of diversity and are potentially much more vulnerable to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Beet
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
| | - S. Craig Cary
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian R. McDonald
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Occurrence of mites (Acari) and springtails (Collembola) in bird nests on King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Kozeretska I, Serga S, Kovalenko P, Gorobchyshyn V, Convey P. Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae): A natural model organism for extreme environments. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:2-20. [PMID: 33913258 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae), a brachypterous midge endemic to the maritime Antarctic, was first described in 1900. Over more than a century of study, a vast amount of information has been compiled on the species (3 750 000 Google search results as of January 10, 2021), encompassing its ecology and biology, life cycle and reproduction, polytene chromosomes, physiology, biochemistry and, increasingly, omics. In 2014, B. antarctica's genome was sequenced, further boosting research. Certain developmental stages can be cultured successfully in the laboratory. Taken together, this wealth of information allows the species to be viewed as a natural model organism for studies of adaptation and function in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kozeretska
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 01601, Taras Shevchenko blv., 16, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Serga
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 01601, Taras Shevchenko blv., 16, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department General and Medical Genetics, 01601, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Kovalenko
- State Institution «Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Department of Population Dynamics, 03143, Lebedeva str., 37, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Gorobchyshyn
- State Institution «Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Department of Population Dynamics, 03143, Lebedeva str., 37, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
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5
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Lee I, Koo J, Park KH. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Korean endemic springtail Homidia koreana Lee & Lee, 1981 (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:135-137. [PMID: 34993338 PMCID: PMC8725819 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.2015268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean endemic springtail Homidia koreana Lee & Lee, 1981 is popular in the leaf litter of various forests of South Korea, probably widely distributed throughout the Korean Peninsula. The complete mitochondrial genome of H. koreana was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The mitochondrial genome of H. koreana consists of a circular DNA molecule of 14,846 bp, with 68.4% AT content. It comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer (tRNA) genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The molecular phylogenetic relationships estimated using MrBayes 3.2 revealed that H. koreana was closely related to Homidia socia Denis, 1929, both of which belong to the genus Homidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- Department of Biology Education and Institute of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jachoon Koo
- Department of Biology Education and Institute of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Park
- Department of Biology Education and Institute of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Maturana CS, Rosenfeld S, Biersma EM, Segovia NI, González‐Wevar CA, Díaz A, Naretto J, Duggan IC, Hogg ID, Poulin E, Convey P, Jackson JA. Historical biogeography of the Gondwanan freshwater genus
Boeckella
(Crustacea): Timing and modes of speciation in the Southern Hemisphere. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S. Maturana
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas Chile
| | - Elisabeth M. Biersma
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nicolás I. Segovia
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Molecular Departamento de Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
| | - Claudio A. González‐Wevar
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Angie Díaz
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Marina Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Javier Naretto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Costa Humboldt Peñalolén Chile
| | - Ian C. Duggan
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
- Polar Knowledge Canada Canadian High Arctic Research Station Cambridge Bay Vic. Canada
| | - Elie Poulin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Jennifer A. Jackson
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
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Antarctica as an evolutionary arena during the Cenozoic global cooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108886118. [PMID: 34183404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108886118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Stevens MI, Greenslade P, D’Haese CA. Species diversity in
Friesea
(Neanuridae) reveals similar biogeographic patterns among Antarctic Collembola. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I. Stevens
- Biological and Earth Sciences South Australian Museum Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Penelope Greenslade
- Environmental Management School of Science, Psychology and Sport Federation University Ballarat VIC Australia
- School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Cyrille A. D’Haese
- MECADEV UMR 7179 CNRS MNHN Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris France
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Leo C, Nardi F, Cucini C, Frati F, Convey P, Weedon JT, Roelofs D, Carapelli A. Evidence for strong environmental control on bacterial microbiomes of Antarctic springtails. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2973. [PMID: 33536493 PMCID: PMC7858589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Collembola are a key component of the soil biota globally, playing an important role in community and ecosystem dynamics. Equally significant are their associated microbiomes, that can contribute to key metabolic functions. In the present study, we investigated the bacterial community composition of four Antarctic springtail species to assess if and how the extreme Antarctic environment has shaped the collembolans’ microbiomes. Springtails were collected from two biogeographical regions, the maritime and the continental Antarctic. From each region, two endemic species, belonging to the genera Cryptopygus (Isotomidae, Entomobryomorpha) and Friesea (Neanuridae, Poduromorpha), were included. This experimental design allowed us to quantify the relative importance of ecological factors (different regions of occurrence) and/or phylogenetic divergence in the host (different Orders) in shaping the Collembola microbiome. The diversity and richness of springtail microbiomes was lower in the Antarctic taxa compared to published information from species from temperate regions. The microbiome composition was predominantly species-specific, with a limited core microbiome shared across the four species examined. While both geographic origin and host species influenced the associated microbiomes, the former was the prevalent driver, with closer similarity between springtails from the same bioregion than between those belonging to the same genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leo
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy. .,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Francesco Nardi
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cucini
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Frati
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - James T Weedon
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Carapelli
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Katz AD. Inferring Evolutionary Timescales without Independent Timing Information: An Assessment of "Universal" Insect Rates to Calibrate a Collembola (Hexapoda) Molecular Clock. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101172. [PMID: 33036318 PMCID: PMC7600954 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous estimates of nucleotide substitution rates are routinely applied as secondary or “universal” molecular clock calibrations for estimating evolutionary timescales in groups that lack independent timing information. A major limitation of this approach is that rates can vary considerably among taxonomic groups, but the assumption of rate constancy is rarely evaluated prior to using secondary rate calibrations. Here I evaluate whether an insect mitochondrial DNA clock is appropriate for estimating timescales in Collembola—a group of insect-like arthropods characterized by high levels of cryptic diversity. Relative rates of substitution in cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) were inferred via Bayesian analysis across a topologically constrained Hexapod phylogeny using a relaxed molecular clock model. Rates for Collembola did not differ significantly from the average rate or from the rates estimated for most other groups (25 of 30), suggesting that (1) their apparent cryptic diversity cannot be explained by accelerated rates of molecular evolution and (2) clocks calibrated using “universal” insect rates may be appropriate for estimating evolutionary timescales in this group. However, of the 31 groups investigated, 10 had rates that deviated significantly from the average (6 higher, 4 lower), underscoring the need for caution and careful consideration when applying secondary insect rate calibrations. Lastly, this study exemplifies a relatively simple approach for evaluating rate constancy within a taxonomic group to determine whether the use of secondary rates are appropriate for molecular clock calibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron D. Katz
- Engineer Research Development Center, 2902 Newmark Dr., Champaign, IL 61826, USA;
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Genetic diversity of soil invertebrates corroborates timing estimates for past collapses of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22293-22302. [PMID: 32839321 PMCID: PMC7486705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007925117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the extent of ice sheets through evolutionary timescales have influenced the connectivity of soil invertebrate populations across the Antarctic landscape. We use genetic divergences to estimate isolation times for soil invertebrates along the Transantarctic Mountains. Four species of Collembola (Arthropoda) each showed genetically distinct populations at locations likely isolated for millions of years. Two further species were less genetically diverse although also range restricted. Our genetic data corroborate climate reconstructions and estimates of past warm periods of reduced ice and absent ice shelf in the Ross Sea region, during which time open seaways would have facilitated dispersal of Collembola, and possibly other taxa. During austral summer field seasons between 1999 and 2018, we sampled at 91 locations throughout southern Victoria Land and along the Transantarctic Mountains for six species of endemic microarthropods (Collembola), covering a latitudinal range from 76.0°S to 87.3°S. We assembled individual mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences (n = 866) and found high levels of sequence divergence at both small (<10 km) and large (>600 km) spatial scales for four of the six Collembola species. We applied molecular clock estimates and assessed genetic divergences relative to the timing of past glacial cycles, including collapses of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). We found that genetically distinct lineages within three species have likely been isolated for at least 5.54 My to 3.52 My, while the other three species diverged more recently (<2 My). We suggest that Collembola had greater dispersal opportunities under past warmer climates, via flotation along coastal margins. Similarly increased opportunities for dispersal may occur under contemporary climate warming scenarios, which could influence the genetic structure of extant populations. As Collembola are a living record of past landscape evolution within Antarctica, these findings provide biological evidence to support geological and glaciological estimates of historical WAIS dynamics over the last ca. 5 My.
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