1
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Bian H, Li W, Yu S, Mao J, Hong Y, Song Y, Cai P. How Climate Warming Influences the Phenology of Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in China: Insight from Long-Term Historical Data. INSECTS 2024; 15:474. [PMID: 39057207 PMCID: PMC11276667 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916), a significant pest affecting various fruits such as pears, apples, peaches, etc., is highly adaptable to changing temperatures. However, the phenological response mechanism of this pest to climate warming remains unclear. To address this issue, we collected population dynamics data of G. molesta in China over the years along with corresponding climate data. We analyzed five phenological indexes: the first, end, and peak occurrence dates of contemporary adults as well as the first and peak occurrence dates of overwintering adults in China. Results revealed an upward trend in the annual average temperature and average temperature of the four seasons in regions infested by G. molesta in eastern, northeastern, northwestern, northern, and southwestern China from 1980 to 2020. Notably, the population peak date of overwintering adults in northeastern and eastern China significantly advanced along with the first occurrence date and the population peak date of overwintering adults in northern China. Additionally, the population peak date of contemporary adults in northwestern China significantly advanced. However, the end occurrence date of contemporary adults in northern China was significantly delayed, as was the first occurrence date of overwintering adults in northwestern China. Furthermore, our study demonstrated spatial heterogeneity in the phenological response of G. molesta to climate warming across China. This study elucidates the phenological response of G. molesta to climate warming, offering valuable insights for predicting future pest infestations and informing adaptive pest management strategies in fruit tree cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bian
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Wenzhuo Li
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shengjun Yu
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jianxiang Mao
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yongcong Hong
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yunzhe Song
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Pumo Cai
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China; (H.B.); (W.L.); (S.Y.); (J.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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2
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Huang A, Ma J, Yang J, Chen B, Zhou J, Yi L. Genetic diversity and population structure of the Asian citrus psyllid in China. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 38195069 PMCID: PMC10776205 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is the main vector of Citrus Huanglongbing, the most damaging citrus disease, causing significant financial losses in the citrus industry. Global warming has expanded the habitat of this pest, allowing it to continue its northward migration to China. Population genetic information of ACP is fundamentally essential for species management. This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese ACP using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene by dataset comprised 721 sequences from 27 geographic sites in China. Low haplotype diversity (0.323 ± 0.022) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00071 ± 0.00007) were observed in the entire population, which may indicate recent founder events. Twenty-three haplotypes were identified and clustered into 2 haplogroups: haplogroup I and haplogroup II. Haplogroup II included only 2 unique haplotypes, which occurred exclusively in the Southwest China ACP population. Genetic differentiation analyses were also indicative of Southwest China population was significantly differentiated from the remaining populations. Demographic history analysis showed that ACP population in China has experienced demographic expansion. Our results provided a better understanding of the genetic distribution patterns and structures of ACP populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Huang
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jiayu Ma
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Long Yi
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
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3
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Zhu T, Li W, Xue H, Dong S, Wang J, Shang S, Dewer Y. Selection, Identification, and Transcript Expression Analysis of Antioxidant Enzyme Genes in Neoseiulus barkeri after Short-Term Heat Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1998. [PMID: 38001851 PMCID: PMC10669032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus barkeri is a crucial biological control agent utilized to control pest mites and many insects in crops all over the world. However, they are vulnerable to multiple environmental pressures, with high-temperature stress being the most significant challenge. Heat stress disrupts the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in organisms, resulting in oxidative stress within the body. Antioxidant enzymes play a crucial role in effectively neutralizing and clearing ROS. In this study, comparative transcriptomics and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were employed to assess the impact of short-term heat stress on the transcript expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in N. barkeri. We primarily identified four antioxidant enzyme genes (NbSOD, NbPrx, NbCAT, and NbGPX) in N. barkeri after exposure to short-term heat stress. Then, new data on the expression patterns of these genes were generated. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that NbSOD belongs to the Fe/Mn family of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which was identified as MnSOD. NbPrx was classified as a 1-Cys peroxiredoxin of the peroxidase family, whereas NbCAT was recognized as a classical catalase, and NbGPX was determined as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1). Transcriptional expression analysis of these four genes was conducted at different high temperatures: 36 °C, 38 °C, and 40 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h. The results also showed that all four genes exhibited significant up-regulation in response to short-term heat stress. Similarly, the highest expression levels for NbSOD, NbPrx, and NbCAT were observed at 40 °C for 4 h. However, NbGPX displayed its maximum expression value at 38 °C for 4 h. Overall, the obtained data suggest that short-term heat stress increases levels of ROS generated inside living organisms, which disrupts the oxidative balance and leads to alterations in the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (T.Z.); (H.X.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Weizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - He Xue
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (T.Z.); (H.X.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Shibo Dong
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (T.Z.); (H.X.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (T.Z.); (H.X.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Suqin Shang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (T.Z.); (H.X.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Smith N, Crescenzo GV, Bertram AK, Nizkorodov SA, Faiola CL. Insect Infestation Increases Viscosity of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1060-1071. [PMID: 37223424 PMCID: PMC10201571 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress alters emissions of volatile organic compounds. However, little is known about how this could influence climate-relevant properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), particularly from complex mixtures such as real plant emissions. In this study, the chemical composition and viscosity were examined for SOA generated from real healthy and aphid-stressed Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) trees, which are commonly used for landscaping in Southern California. Healthy Canary Island pine (HCIP) and stressed Canary Island pine (SCIP) aerosols were generated in a 5 m3 environmental chamber at 35-84% relative humidity and room temperature via OH-initiated oxidation. Viscosities of the collected particles were measured using an offline poke-flow method, after conditioning the particles in a humidified air flow. SCIP particles were consistently more viscous than HCIP particles. The largest differences in particle viscosity were observed in particles conditioned at 50% relative humidity where the viscosity of SCIP particles was an order of magnitude larger than that of HCIP particles. The increased viscosity for the aphid-stressed pine tree SOA was attributed to the increased fraction of sesquiterpenes in the emission profile. The real pine SOA particles, both healthy and aphid-stressed, were more viscous than α-pinene SOA particles, demonstrating the limitation of using a single monoterpene as a model compound to predict the physicochemical properties of real biogenic SOA. However, synthetic mixtures composed of only a few major compounds present in emissions (<10 compounds) can reproduce the viscosities of SOA observed from the more complex real plant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Giuseppe V. Crescenzo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Celia L. Faiola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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Arnold MB, Back M, Crowell MD, Farooq N, Ghimire P, Obarein OA, Smart KE, Taucher T, VanderJeugdt E, Perry KI, Landis DA, Bahlai CA. Coexistence between similar invaders: The case of two cosmopolitan exotic insects. Ecology 2023; 104:e3979. [PMID: 36691998 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are usually examined in the context of their impacts on native species. However, few studies have examined the dynamics between invaders when multiple exotic species successfully coexist in a novel environment. Yet, long-term coexistence of now established exotic species has been observed in North American lady beetle communities. Exotic lady beetles Harmonia axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata were introduced for biological control in agricultural systems and have since become dominant species within these communities. In this study, we investigated coexistence via spatial and temporal niche partitioning among H. axyridis and C. septempunctata using a 31-year data set from southwestern Michigan, USA. We found evidence of long-term coexistence through a combination of small-scale environmental, habitat, and seasonal mechanisms. Across years, H. axyridis and C. septempunctata experienced patterns of cyclical dominance likely related to yearly variation in temperature and precipitation. Within years, populations of C. septempunctata peaked early in the growing season at 550 degree days, while H. axyridis populations grew in the season until 1250 degree days and continued to have high activity after this point. C. septempunctata was generally most abundant in herbaceous crops, whereas H. axyridis did not display strong habitat preferences. These findings suggest that within this region H. axyridis has broader habitat and abiotic environmental preferences, whereas C. septempunctata thrives under more specific ecological conditions. These ecological differences have contributed to the continued coexistence of these two invaders. Understanding the mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of dominant exotic species contributes to native biodiversity conservation management of invaded ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Arnold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Back
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nageen Farooq
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Prashant Ghimire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Omon A Obarein
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle E Smart
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Trixie Taucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin VanderJeugdt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Kayla I Perry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christie A Bahlai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.,Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
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6
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Pollari M, Sipari N, Poque S, Himanen K, Mäkinen K. Effects of Poty-Potexvirus Synergism on Growth, Photosynthesis and Metabolite Status of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 36680161 PMCID: PMC9867248 DOI: 10.3390/v15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed virus infections threaten crop production because interactions between the host and the pathogen mix may lead to viral synergism. While individual infections by potato virus A (PVA), a potyvirus, and potato virus X (PVX), a potexvirus, can be mild, co-infection leads to synergistic enhancement of PVX and severe symptoms. We combined image-based phenotyping with metabolite analysis of single and mixed PVA and PVX infections and compared their effects on growth, photosynthesis, and metabolites in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viral synergism was evident in symptom severity and impaired growth in the plants. Indicative of stress, the co-infection increased leaf temperature and decreased photosynthetic parameters. In contrast, singly infected plants sustained photosynthetic activity. The host's metabolic response differed significantly between single and mixed infections. Over 200 metabolites were differentially regulated in the mixed infection: especially defense-related metabolites and aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased compared to the control. Changes in the levels of methionine cycle intermediates and a low S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio suggested a decline in the methylation potential in co-infected plants. The decreased ratio between reduced glutathione, an important scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and its oxidized form, indicated that severe oxidative stress developed during co-infection. Based on the results, infection-associated oxidative stress is successfully controlled in the single infections but not in the synergistic infection, where activated defense pathways are not sufficient to counter the impact of the infections on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pollari
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Biocenter Finland, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Population Development of Alien Gall-Forming Aphid Tetraneura nigriabdominalis on Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Tetraneura (Tetraneurella) nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) is a holocyclic and heteroecious species widely distributed throughout the world. Its primary hosts are various elm species, on which it forms galls. The results of this study complement those of previous research on the development of T. nigriabdominalis on primary hosts. Our research was conducted on two elm species, Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra, at three locations and for three successive seasons between 2017 and 2019. Fundatrices hatched between 27 April and 12 May. The first galls were observed 6–8 days after the hatching date of the fundatrices. On average, there were 1–7.5 galls on one leaf. The highest abundances of T. nigriabdominalis galls were found in the medial and basal parts of the leaf blades. The fundatrices matured within 12–21 days after hatching and produced nymphs within 2–3 weeks. The fecundity of the fundatrices was influenced by the temperature in April, the size of the laminae, and the size of the galls. The females developing on U. glabra were more fecund (2–58 nymphs), whereas those developing on U. minor produced 1–29 nymphs. The winged migrants of the second generation appeared between late May and late June, when the first cracks on the galls were also observed. The entire development of two aphid generations on the primary host was temperature-dependent and lasted from four to almost six weeks. Our results show that U. glabra and U. minor are suitable hosts for T. nigriabdominalis. The development of aphids proceeded similarly on both tree species. Temperature, especially in April, significantly influenced the duration of individual developmental phases and the fecundity of fundatrices.
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8
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Crossley MS, Lagos-Kutz D, Davis TS, Eigenbrode SD, Hartman GL, Voegtlin DJ, Snyder WE. Precipitation change accentuates or reverses temperature effects on aphid dispersal. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2593. [PMID: 35340072 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global temperatures are generally increasing, and this is leading to a well documented advancement and extension of seasonal activity of many pest insects. Effects of changing precipitation have received less attention, but might be complex because rain and snow are increasing in some places but decreasing in others. This raises the possibility that altered precipitation could accentuate, or even reverse, the effects of rising temperatures on pest outbreaks. We used >592 K aphid suction-trap captures over 15 years, in the heavily farmed central USA, to examine how the activity of Aphis glycines (soybean aphid), Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn aphid), and Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphid) changed with variation in both temperature and precipitation. Increasing precipitation caused late-season flight activity of A. glycines and early-season activity of R. padi to shift earlier, while increasing temperature did the same for early-season activity of A. glycines and R. maidis. In these cases, precipitation and temperature exhibited directionally similar, but independent, effects. However, precipitation sometimes mediated temperature effects in complex ways. At relatively low temperatures, greater precipitation generally caused late-season flights of R. maidis to occur earlier. However, this pattern was reversed at higher temperatures with precipitation delaying late-season activity. In contrast, greater precipitation delayed peak flights of R. padi at lower temperatures, but caused them to occur earlier at higher temperatures. So, in these two cases the interactive effects of precipitation on temperature were mirror images of one another. When projecting future aphid flight phenology, models that excluded precipitation covariates consistently underpredicted the degree of phenological advance for A. glycines and R. padi, and underpredicted the degree of phenological delay for R. maidis under expected future climates. Overall, we found broad evidence that changing patterns of aphid flight phenology could only be understood by considering both temperature and precipitation changes. In our study region, temperature and precipitation are expected to increase in tandem, but these correlations will be reversed elsewhere. This reinforces the need to include both main and interactive effects of precipitation and temperature when seeking to accurately predict how pest pressure will change with a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Crossley
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Doris Lagos-Kutz
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas S Davis
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Glen L Hartman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - David J Voegtlin
- Emeritus, Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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9
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Challenges and opportunities for plant viruses under a climate change scenario. Adv Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Metabolic Response of Aphid Cinara tujafilina to Cold Stress. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121288. [PMID: 34943203 PMCID: PMC8698524 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes enable thermophilic insect species to expand their ranges, but also force them to adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions in new habitats. Focusing on Cinara tujafilina, we investigated the metabolic changes in the body of the aphid that enabled it to survive the low temperatures of winter. Using GC–MS analysis, differences in the chemical composition of the aphids in summer and winter were found. The metabolic changes were mainly related to the increased activity of the pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway; a decrease in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA); accumulation of polyols; and increased levels of proline, tyrosine, and fatty acids.
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11
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Durak R, Dampc J, Kula-Maximenko M, Mołoń M, Durak T. Changes in Antioxidative, Oxidoreductive and Detoxification Enzymes during Development of Aphids and Temperature Increase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1181. [PMID: 34439429 PMCID: PMC8388978 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature, being the main factor that has an influence on insects, causes changes in their development, reproduction, winter survival, life cycles, migration timing, and population dynamics. The effects of stress caused by a temperature increase on insects may depend on many factors, such as the frequency, amplitude, duration of the stress, sex, or the developmental stage of the insect. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the enzymatic activity of nymphs and adult aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum rosae and Cinara cupressi, and changes in their response to a temperature increase from 20 to 28 °C. The activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)) in aphid tissues was analysed for three constant temperatures. The results of our research showed that the enzymatic activity of aphids (measured as the activity of antioxidant, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes) was mainly determined by the type of morph. We observed a strong positive correlation between the activity of the detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes and aphids' development, and a negative correlation between the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and aphids' development. Moreover, the study showed that an increase in temperature caused changes in enzyme activity (especially SOD, CAT and β-glucosidase), which was highest at 28 °C, in both nymphs and adults. Additionally, a strong positive correlation between metabolic activity (heat flow measured by microcalorimeter) and longevity was observed, which confirmed the relationship between these characteristics of aphids. The antioxidant enzyme system is more efficient in aphid nymphs, and during aphid development the activity of antioxidant enzymes decreases. The antioxidant enzyme system in aphids appears to deliver effective protection for nymphs and adults under stressful conditions, such as high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Durak
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.D.); (M.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Jan Dampc
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.D.); (M.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Monika Kula-Maximenko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Mołoń
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.D.); (M.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Tomasz Durak
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.D.); (M.M.); (T.D.)
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12
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Liu J, Wang C, Desneux N, Lu Y. Impact of Temperature on Survival Rate, Fecundity, and Feeding Behavior of Two Aphids, Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii, When Reared on Cotton. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060565. [PMID: 34205528 PMCID: PMC8235302 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphid performance is sensitive to temperature changes. Previous studies found that Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Mordviiko) was more sensitive to high temperature than Aphis gossypii (Glover). However, the effects of high temperatures on the survival, fecundity, and feeding behavior of these two aphid adults are not clear. This study examined the effect of different temperatures (29 °C, 32 °C, and 35 °C) on the adult survival rate, fecundity, and feeding behavior of these two aphid species. Our results showed that the adverse effects of high temperatures (32 °C and 35 °C) on aphid adult survival and fecundity were greater for Ac. gossypii than Ap. gossypii. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) data showed that Ac. gossypii spent more time feeding on xylem than phloem under all temperature treatments, which contrasted with Ap. gossypii. The time of phloem ingestion by Ap. gossypii at 32 °C was significantly higher than at 29 °C, while for Ac. gossypii, this value significantly decreased when temperature increased. These feeding patterns indicate that Ac. gossypii obtains less nutrition from phloem in support of its development and fecundity. Data generated in this study will serve as the basis for predicting the effects of increased temperature on these two cotton aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.L.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Wilkaniec A, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Irzykowska L, Breś W, Świerk D, Pardela Ł, Durak R, Środulska-Wielgus J, Wielgus K. Biotic and abiotic factors causing the collapse of Robinia pseudoacacia L. veteran trees in urban environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245398. [PMID: 33471798 PMCID: PMC7816994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia L. is an interesting example of how one plant species can be considered invasive or useful depending on its environment. In the past this tree species was planted for decorative purposes and for wood in Poland. For many years it was recommended in poor and degraded habitats because it facilitated late-successional plant species. The aim of this study was to verify if black locust can still be regarded as a resistant tree species in urban greenery. The health condition of old tree specimens growing along streets and in parks was compared. The occurrence of pests and pathogens on R. pseudoacacia trees was assessed and the content of mineral elements in leaves was examined. The research results showed that the health of black locust trees growing in the urban environment in Polish cities, especially along streets (in comparison to park sites), deteriorated significantly due to the interaction of harmful biotic and abiotic factors. Increased level of toxic metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Cd) in plant tissues and the accumulation of pests and pathogens negatively influenced the health of R. pseudoacacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wilkaniec
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lidia Irzykowska
- Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Breś
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Świerk
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pardela
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Środulska-Wielgus
- Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wielgus
- Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Changes in Chemical Composition and Accumulation of Cryoprotectants as the Adaptation of Anholocyclic Aphid Cinara tujafilina to Overwintering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020511. [PMID: 33419222 PMCID: PMC7825631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of climate change is the expansion of insects' ranges. Colonization of new habitats forces insects to adapt to new conditions, such as low temperatures in winter. Cinara tujafilina is a thermophilic anholocyclic aphid species, which reproduce exclusively parthenogenetic throughout the year, including winter. On the areas where the populations of C. tujafilina had expanded, it demonstrated its adaptation for surviving colder winters. Based on analyses of changes in body chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and changes in cryoprotectant content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we showed how aphid C. tujafilina adapted to overwintering as an active stage. In the FTIR spectrum of the winter type of C. tujafilina, higher peak values originating from the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, were observed. Glucose, trehalose, mannitol, myo-inositol and glycerol were identified in the aphid body in winter as main putative cryoprotectants to increase the insects' tolerance to cold. The complex sugar-polyol cryoprotectant system facilitates aphids' survival in unfavorable low temperatures.
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Dampc J, Kula-Maximenko M, Molon M, Durak R. Enzymatic Defense Response of Apple Aphid Aphis pomi to Increased Temperature. INSECTS 2020; 11:E436. [PMID: 32664609 PMCID: PMC7411948 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, and in particular the increase in temperature we are currently observing, can affect herbivorous insects. Aphids, as poikilothermic organisms, are directly exposed to temperature increases that influence their metabolism. Heat stress causes disturbances between the generations and the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work is focused on explaining how the aphid, using the example of Aphis pomi, responds to abiotic stress caused by temperature increase. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions at three temperatures: 20, 25, and 28 °C. In the first stage, changes in the activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD)) were determined in aphid tissues, at each temperature. In the second stage, microcalorimetry monitored changes in heat emitted by aphids, at each temperature. Our results showed that A. pomi defense responses varied depending on temperature and were highest at 28 °C. The flexible activity of enzymes and increase in the metabolic rate played the role of adaptive mechanisms and ran more effectively at higher temperatures. The A. pomi thus protected itself against ROS excessive induction and the aphids were able to respond quickly to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dampc
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Monika Kula-Maximenko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Molon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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