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Ranesi M, Vitale S, Staropoli A, Di Lelio I, Izzo LG, De Luca MG, Becchimanzi A, Pennacchio F, Lorito M, Woo SL, Vinale F, Turrà D. Field isolates of Beauveria bassiana exhibit biological heterogeneity in multitrophic interactions of agricultural importance. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127819. [PMID: 38986181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is a widespread entomopathogenic fungus widely used in agriculture for crop protection. Other than pest control, fungi belonging to the B. bassiana complex represent an important microbial resource in agroecosystems, considering their multiple interactions with other microorganisms as antagonists of phytopathogens, or with plants as endophytic colonizers and growth promoters. Here, we characterised field collected or commercial isolates of B. bassiana relative to the environmental factors that affect their growth. We further compared the metabolome, the entomopathogenic potential and biocontrol activity of the tested isolates respectively on the insect pest Spodoptera littoralis or against the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Our analysis revealed that the B. bassiana complex is characterised by a high level of inter-isolate heterogeneity in terms of nutritional requirements, establishment of intra- or inter-kingdom interactions, and the nature of metabolites produced. Interestingly, certain B. bassiana isolates demonstrated a preference for low nutrient plant-derived media, which hints at their adaptation towards an endophytic lifestyle over a saprophytic one. In addition, there was a noticeable variation among different B. bassiana isolates in their capacity to kill S. littoralis larvae in a contact infection test, but not in an intrahaemocoelic injection experiment, suggesting a unique level of adaptability specific to the host. On the other hand, most B. bassiana isolates exhibited similar biocontrol efficacy against the soil-dwelling ascomycete F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a pathogen responsible for vascular wilt disease in tomato plants, effectively averting wilting. Overall, we show that the effectiveness of B. bassiana isolates can greatly vary, emphasising the importance of isolate selection and nutritional adaptability consideration for their use in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ranesi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy
| | - S Vitale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy
| | - A Staropoli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy
| | - I Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - L G Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy
| | - M G De Luca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy
| | - A Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - F Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - M Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - S L Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - F Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - D Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Na) 80055, Italy; Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy; Computational and Quantitative Biology Task Force, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Bioelectronics Task Force, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Sun TF, Ge ZW, Xu HR, Zhang H, Huang SS, Feng MG, Ying SH. Unlocking the Siderophore Biosynthesis Pathway and Its Biological Functions in the Fungal Insect Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18455-18464. [PMID: 39109629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are small molecule iron chelators. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produces a plethora of siderophores under iron-limiting conditions. In this study, a siderophore biosynthesis pathway, akin to the general pathway observed in filamentous fungi, was revealed in B. bassiana. Among the siderophore biosynthesis genes (SID), BbSidA was required for the production of most siderophores, and the SidC and SidD biosynthesis gene clusters were indispensable for the production of ferricrocin and fusarinine C, respectively. Biosynthesis genes play various roles in siderophore production, vegetative growth, stress resistance, development, and virulence, in which BbSidA plays the most important role. Accordingly, B. bassiana employs a cocktail of siderophores for iron metabolism, which is essential for fungal physiology and host interactions. This study provides the initial network for the genetic modification of siderophore biosynthesis, which not only aims to improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents but also ensures the efficient production of siderophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fei Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang-Rong Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850011, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wang X, Yuan Q, He L, Wang Z, Li G, Wang Z, Liu H. Biological and physiological effects in Bemisia tabaci feeding on tomatoes endophytically colonized by Beauveria bassiana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4085-4097. [PMID: 38587112 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) treatment of plants may affect the survival and feeding preferences of herbivorous pests. However, comprehensive studies on the fitness across their entire life cycle, feeding behavior, and physiological changes in herbivores consuming EPF-treated plants within the tripartite interactions of EPF, plants, and pests are still limited. In this study, we utilized life tables, electrical penetration graph (EPG), and metabolomics to uncover the biological and physiological characteristics of Bemisia tabaci on tomato plants inoculated with Beauveria bassiana through root irrigation. RESULTS Our study indicated that Beauveria bassiana Bb252 can penetrate the entire tissue from the point of inoculation, primarily colonizing the intercellular spaces and vascular tissue. However, this colonization is temporary, lasting no more than 35 days. Moreover, the population fitness and feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci on tomato plants treated with Beauveria bassiana via root irrigation were significantly affected, showing a substantial 41.4% decrease in net reproductive rate (R0), a notable reduction in watery salivation, and shortened phloem ingestion. Lastly, we observed a significant decrease in hormones and amino acids of whiteflies that fed on Beauveria bassiana-treated tomato plants by root irrigation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the endophyte, Beauveria bassiana Bb252, reduced demographic fitness of Bemisia tabaci by altering its hormones and amino acids levels. These findings enhance our understanding of multitrophic interactions in integrated pest management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gutiérrez Y, Alarcón KA, Ortiz C, Santos-Holguín JM, García-Riaño JL, Mejía C, Amaya CV, Uribe-Gutiérrez L. Isolation and characterization of a native strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for the control of the palm weevil Dynamis borassi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the neotropics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:260. [PMID: 38967730 PMCID: PMC11226477 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and characterize a native strain of Beauveria bassiana, coded as Bv065, showcasing its potential as a biological control agent targeting the palm weevil Dynamis borassi. Originating from a naturally infected D. borassi specimen collected in southwestern Colombia, the fungus underwent molecular identification and was identified as B. bassiana, exhibiting high sequence similarity with known reference strains. The physiological characterization revealed that Bv065 thrived within a temperature range of 25 to 30 °C and a pH range of 6 to 9. Moreover, the key carbon sources that allow optimal growth of the strain were identified through metabolic profiling, including sucrose, D-mannose, and γ-amino-butyric acid. These findings offer strategic insights for scalability and formulation methodologies. Additionally, enzymatic analyses unveiled robust protease activity within Bv065, crucial for catalysing insect cuticle degradation and facilitating host penetration, thus accentuating its entomopathogenic potential. Subsequent evaluations exposed Bv065's pathogenicity against D. borassi, causing significant mortality within nine days of exposure, albeit exhibiting limited effectiveness against Rhynchophorus palmarum. This study underscores the importance of understanding optimal growth conditions and metabolic preferences of B. bassiana strains for developing effective biopesticides. The findings suggest Bv065 as a promising candidate for integrated pest management strategies in neotropical regions, particularly for controlling palm weevil infestations in coconut and peach palm cultivation. Future research avenues include refining mass production methodologies, formulating novel delivery systems, and conducting comprehensive field efficacy trials to unlock the full potential of Bv065 in fostering sustainable pest management practices. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on entomopathogenic fungi and their pivotal role in biological control, offering nuanced perspectives on eco-friendly alternatives to conventional insecticidal interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 Vía Puerto López, Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia.
| | - Karen A Alarcón
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación El Mira, Km. 38, Vía Tumaco-Pasto, Tumaco-Nariño, Colombia
| | - Cristian Ortiz
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación El Mira, Km. 38, Vía Tumaco-Pasto, Tumaco-Nariño, Colombia
| | - Jenny M Santos-Holguín
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Sede Tunja-Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Jennifer L García-Riaño
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km 14 Vía Bogotá-Mosquera, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Cindy Mejía
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km 14 Vía Bogotá-Mosquera, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Carol V Amaya
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia. Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 Vía Puerto López, Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia
| | - Liz Uribe-Gutiérrez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Km 14 Vía Bogotá-Mosquera, Mosquera, Colombia
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Papantzikos V, Mantzoukas S, Eliopoulos PA, Servis D, Bitivanos S, Patakioutas G. Evaluation of Various Inoculation Methods on the Effect of Beauveria bassiana on the Plant Growth of Kiwi and on Halyomorpha halys Infestation: A Two-Year Field Study. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:470. [PMID: 39056665 PMCID: PMC11273441 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the bioinsecticidal action of a commercial formulation with Beauveria bassiana was evaluated on the new sucking pest in Greece: Halyomorpha halys, of the kiwifruit. Additionally, the biostimulant potential of the same formulation was studied on kiwi growth. The application was performed in three different ways in a commercial field of kiwi crop A. deliciosa "Hayward" field in Arta, Greece: (i) trunk spray, (ii) root injection, and (iii) trunk inoculation. During the 2 years seasons of the experiment, weekly measurements of the H. halys population were determined. The insect is sucking plants nutrients; therefore, the total chlorophyll content in the leaves of the treatments was recorded weekly. In addition, the percentage of infested kiwifruits was estimated at the end of the experiment. Moreover, to study the biostimulant potential of the formulation, growth measurements on stems and leaves were performed during the experiment. Finally, at the kiwi harvest point, the fruit biomass, dimensions, and weight were obtained, and the leaves' proline content was evaluated. The results encourage us to further study this EPF formulation as the bioinsecticidal effect was noted by the reduction in H. halys population, and biostimulant action was perceived by the higher plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papantzikos
- Department of Agriculture, Arta Campus, University of Ioannina, 45100 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Spiridon Mantzoukas
- Department of Agriculture, Arta Campus, University of Ioannina, 45100 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Health Management, Department of Agrotechnology, University of Thessaly, Geopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | | | | | - George Patakioutas
- Department of Agriculture, Arta Campus, University of Ioannina, 45100 Ioannina, Greece;
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You YH, Park JM, Ku YB, Jeong TY, Lim K, Shin JH, Kim JS, Hong JW. Fungal Microbiome of Alive and Dead Korean Fir in its Native Habitats. MYCOBIOLOGY 2024; 52:68-84. [PMID: 38415173 PMCID: PMC10896143 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2024.2307117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A rapid decline of Abies koreana has been reported in most of the natural alpine habitats in Korea. It is generally accepted that this phenomenon is due to climate change even though no clear conclusions have been drawn. Most research has focused on abiotic environmental factors, but studies on the relationships between A. koreana and soil fungal microbiomes are scarce. In this study, the rhizoplane and rhizosphere fungal communities in the alive and dead Korean fir trees from its three major natural habitats including Mt. Deogyu, Mt. Halla, and Mt. Jiri in Korea were investigated to identify specific soil fungal groups closely associated with A. koreana. Soil fungal diversity in each study site was significantly different from another based on the beta diversity calculations. Heat tree analysis at the genus level showed that Clavulina, Beauveria, and Tomentella were most abundant in the healthy trees probably by forming ectomycorrhizae with Korean fir growth and controlling pests and diseases. However, Calocera, Dacrymyces, Gyoerffyella, Hydnotrya, Microdochium, Hyaloscypha, Mycosymbioces, and Podospora were abundant in the dead trees. Our findings suggested that Clavulina, Beauveria, and Tomentella are the major players that could be considered in future reforestation programs to establish ectomycorrhizal networks and promote growth. These genera may have played a significant role in the survival and growth of A. koreana in its natural habitats. In particular, the genus Gyoerffyella may account for the death of the seedlings. Our work presented exploratory research on the specific fungal taxa associated with the status of A. koreana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyun You
- Biological Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Myong Park
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Bong Ku
- Biological Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongmo Lim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Korea Fern Research Society, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Quesada-Moraga E, Garrido-Jurado I, González-Mas N, Yousef-Yousef M. Ecosystem services of entomopathogenic ascomycetes. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108015. [PMID: 37924859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) are an important part of the microbiota in most terrestrial ecosystems, where they can be found regulating natural populations of arthropod pests in both epigeous and hypogeous habitats while also establishing unique relationships with plants. These fungi offer direct benefits to agriculture and human welfare. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review to comprehensively assess the range of ecosystem services provided by EA, including direct and indirect pest biocontrol, plant growth promotion, plant defense against other biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient cycling, and the production of new bioactive compounds with agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical importance. Moreover, EA are compatible with the ecosystem services provided by other microbial and macrobial biocontrol agents. This systematic review identified the need for future research to focus on evaluating the economic value of the ecological services provided by EA with a special emphasis on hypocrealean fungi. This evaluation is essential not only for the conservation but also for better regulation and exploitation of the benefits of EA in promoting agricultural sustainability, reducing the use of chemicals that enter the environment, and minimizing the negative impacts of crop protection on the carbon footprint and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Natalia González-Mas
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Meelad Yousef-Yousef
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Ruraż K, Przemieniecki SW, Błaszak M, Czarnomska SD, Ochmian I, Piwowarczyk R. Stigmas of holoparasitic Phelipanche arenaria (Orobanchaceae) - a suitable ephemeric flower habitat for development unique microbiome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:486. [PMID: 37821804 PMCID: PMC10566107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities have occasionally been observed in part of the ephemeric reproductive structure of floral stigmas, but their prevalence, phylogenetic diversity and ecological roles are understudied. This report describes the first study of bacterial and fungal communities in immature and mature stigma tissue of the endangered holoparasitic plant Phelipanche arenaria. Culture-dependent methods coupled with next-generation sequencing indicated that a small surface of the flower stigma was an unexpectedly rich and diverse microhabitat for colonization of microbial. We also compared the enzymatic activity of the bacterial communities between immature and mature stigmas samples. RESULTS Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we identified and classified 39 to over 51 OTUs per sample for bacterial OTUs represented by Pantoea agglomerans and P. ananatis, comprising 50.6%, followed by Pseudomonas, Luteibacter spp., Sphingomonas spp. with 17% of total frequency. The bacterial profile of immature stigmas of P. arenaria contained unique microorganisms (21 of the most numerous OTUs) that were not confirmed in mature stigmas. However, the enzymatic activity of bacteria in mature stigmas of P. arenaria showed more activity than observed in immature stigmas. In the fungal profile, we recorded even 80 OTUs in mature stigmas, consisting of Capnodiales 45.03% of the total abundance with 28.27% of frequency was created by Alternaria eichhorniae (10.55%), Mycosphaerella tassiana (9.69%), and Aureobasidium pullulans (8.03%). Additionally, numerous putative plant growth-promoting bacteria, fungal pathogens and pathogen-antagonistic yeasts were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovered that P. arenaria stigmas host diverse bacterial and fungal communities. These microorganisms are well known and have been described as beneficial for biotechnological and environmental applications (e.g., production of different enzymes and antimicrobial compounds). This research provided valuable insight into the parasitic plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ruraż
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wojciech Przemieniecki
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Błaszak
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Dagmara Czarnomska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ochmian
- Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Piwowarczyk
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
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Vrabl P, Zottele M, Colleselli L, Schinagl CW, Mayerhofer L, Siewert B, Strasser H. Light in the box-photobiological examination chamber with light trap ventilation system for studying fungal surface cultures illustrated with Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria brongniartii. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 37248509 PMCID: PMC10228068 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their versatile way of life as saprophytes, endophytes, and entomopathogens, fungi of the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria are exposed to varying illumination conditions in their natural habitats, which makes a thorough adaptation to light very likely. While the few available studies for these genera support this assumption, research in this field is still in its infancy and the data material restricted to only a few fungal species. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore how light influences growth, conidial production and secondary metabolite formation of two industrial relevant strains of M. brunneum (MA 43, formerly M. anisopliae var. anisopliae BIPESCO 5/F52) and B. brongniartii (BIPESCO 2). To achieve this, we constructed an easily adjustable illumination device for highly standardized photophysiological studies of fungi on Petri dishes, the so-called LIGHT BOX. With the aid of this device, M. brunneum and B. brongniartii were grown on S4G or S2G agar at 25 °C for 14 days either in complete darkness or under constant illumination with red light (λpeak = 635 nm), green light (λpeak = 519 nm) or blue light (λpeak = 452 nm). In addition, for each wavelength the effect of different illumination intensities was tested, i.e., intensities of red light ranging from 22.1 ± 0.1 to 136.5 ± 0.3 µW cm-2, green light from 16.5 ± 0.1 to 96.2 ± 0.1 µW cm-2, and blue light from 56.1 ± 0.2 to 188.9 ± 0.6 µW cm-2. Both fungi strongly responded in terms of growth, conidial production, pigmentation and morphology to changes in the wavelength and irradiation intensity. The wavelength-dependent production of the well-known secondary metabolite oosporein which is secreted by the genus Beauveria in particular, was also increased under green and blue light exposure. The established LIGHT BOX system allows not only to optimize conidial production yields with these biotechnologically relevant fungi, but also allows the photobiological exploration of other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Maria Zottele
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Colleselli
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Walter Schinagl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Mayerhofer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Strasser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Sani I, Jamian S, Saad N, Abdullah S, Mohd Hata E, Jalinas J, Ismail SI. Inoculation and colonization of the entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria javanica and Purpureocillium lilacinum, in tomato plants, and their effect on seedling growth, mortality and adult emergence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285666. [PMID: 37216342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural enemies which affect insect population and have long been recognized as biological control agents against many insect pests. Some isolates have also been established as endophytes, benefiting their host plants without causing any symptoms or negative effects. Here we demonstrated two entomopathogenic fungal species, Isariajavanica (Frieder. & Bally) Samson & Hywel-jone 2005 and Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou-braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011) as endophytes in tomato plants by using the seed inoculation method and examined their effect on plant growth, B. tabaci mortality, and adult emergence. Our study indicated that tomato seeds treated with a fungal suspension of I. javanica and P. lilacinum enabled their recovery from plant tissues (root, stem and leaf) up to 60 days after inoculation (DAI). Both endophytic isolates also caused significant mortality of adult B. tabaci on seedlings inoculated with, I. javanica (51.92±4.78%), and P. lilacinum (45.32±0.20%) compared to the control treatment (19.29±2.35). Adult emergence rates were significantly high in the control treatments (57.50±2.66%) compared to I. javanica (15.00±1.47%) and P. lilacinum (28.75±4.78%) treatments. This study provides evidence that endophytic isolates of I. javanica and P. lilacinum have a biocontrol potentials for used against whiteflies and could also explored as plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, P.M.B., Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Syari Jamian
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norsazilawati Saad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sumaiyah Abdullah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Erneeza Mohd Hata
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy & Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor
| | - Johari Jalinas
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Siti Izera Ismail
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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11
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Entomopathogenic Fungi-Mediated Solubilization and Induction of Fe Related Genes in Melon and Cucumber Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020258. [PMID: 36836372 PMCID: PMC9960893 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi have a multifunctional lifestyle; in addition to its well-known function as biocontrol agents, it may also help plants respond to other biotic and abiotic stresses, such as iron (Fe) deficiency. This study explores M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su strain attributes for Fe acquisition. Firstly, direct attributes include siderophore exudation (in vitro assay) and Fe content in shoots and in the substrate (in vivo assay) were evaluated for three strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium bruneum. The M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su strain showed a great ability to exudate iron siderophores (58.4% surface siderophores exudation) and provided higher Fe content in both dry matter and substrate compared to the control and was therefore selected for further research to unravel the possible induction of Fe deficiency responses, Ferric Reductase Activity (FRA), and relative expression of Fe acquisition genes by qRT-PCR in melon and cucumber plants.. In addition, root priming by M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su strain elicited Fe deficiency responses at transcriptional level. Our results show an early up-regulation (24, 48 or 72 h post inoculation) of the Fe acquisition genes FRO1, FRO2, IRT1, HA1, and FIT as well as the FRA. These results highlight the mechanisms involved in the Fe acquisition as mediated by IPF M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su strain.
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12
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Nasif SO, Siddique AB, Siddique AB, Islam MM, Hassan O, Deepo DM, Hossain A. Prospects of endophytic fungi as a natural resource for the sustainability of crop production in the modern era of changing climate. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Climate-Resilient Microbial Biotechnology: A Perspective on Sustainable Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We designed this review to describe a compilation of studies to enlighten the concepts of plant–microbe interactions, adopted protocols in smart crop farming, and biodiversity to reaffirm sustainable agriculture. The ever-increasing use of agrochemicals to boost crop production has created health hazards to humans and the environment. Microbes can bring up the hidden strength of plants, augmenting disease resistance and yield, hereafter, crops could be grown without chemicals by harnessing microbes that live in/on plants and soil. This review summarizes an understanding of the functions and importance of indigenous microbial communities; host–microbial and microbial–microbial interactions; simplified experimentally controlled synthetic flora used to perform targeted operations; maintaining the molecular mechanisms; and microbial agent application technology. It also analyzes existing problems and forecasts prospects. The real advancement of microbiome engineering requires a large number of cycles to obtain the necessary ecological principles, precise manipulation of the microbiome, and predictable results. To advance this approach, interdisciplinary collaboration in the areas of experimentation, computation, automation, and applications is required. The road to microbiome engineering seems to be long; however, research and biotechnology provide a promising approach for proceeding with microbial engineering and address persistent social and environmental issues.
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14
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Evaluation of Native Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Control of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Thailand: A Sustainable Way for Eco-Friendly Agriculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121073. [PMID: 34947055 PMCID: PMC8705808 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, entered Thailand in late 2018 and has now spread in several regions, with devastating effects in maize and rice production, which are some of the most important cereals in the world. Since then, farmers have utilized the available chemical insecticides to try to control it, but their efforts have been futile. Instead, they have ended up using extraordinary dosages, hence threatening non-target species and other fauna and flora, as well as being costly. In this regard, research has been ongoing, aiming to come up with eco-friendly solutions for this insect. We surveyed and collected various isolates of native entomopathogenic fungi intending to test their efficacy against fall armyworm. Six isolates of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained and identified to Beauveria bassiana based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Thereafter, the six isolates of B. bassiana were used to perform efficacy experiments against fall armyworm. Additionally, the glycosyl transferase-like protein 1 (GAS1) gene was analyzed. Consequently, all the isolates showed efficacy against S. frugiperda, with isolate BCMU6 causing up to 91.67% mortality. Further, molecular analysis revealed that all the isolates possess the GAS1 gene, which contributed to their virulence against the insect. This is the first report of utilizing native entomopathogenic B. bassiana to manage S. frugiperda in Thailand, with the revelation of GAS1 as a factor in inducing virulence and cuticle penetration. This study has provided valuable information on the potential development of Beauveria bassiana as an eco-friendly bioinsecticide for the management of fall armyworm in Thailand.
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15
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Roodi D, Millner JP, McGill CR, Johnson RD, Hea SY, Brookes JJ, Glare TR, Card SD. Development of Plant-Fungal Endophyte Associations to Suppress Phoma Stem Canker in Brassica. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112387. [PMID: 34835512 PMCID: PMC8620040 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic microorganisms are found within the tissues of many plants species, with some conferring several benefits to the host plant including resistance to plant diseases. In this study, two putative endophytic fungi that were previously isolated from wild seeds of Brassica, identified as Beauveria bassiana and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, were inoculated into cultivars of three Brassica species—Brassica napus, Br. rapa and Br. oleracea. Both fungal endophytes were reisolated from above- and below-ground tissues of inoculated plants at four different plant-growth stages, including cotyledon, one-leaf, two-leaf, and four-leaf stages. None of the plants colonised by these fungi exhibited any obvious disease symptoms, indicating the formation of novel mutualistic associations. These novel plant–endophyte associations formed between Brassica plants and Be. bassiana significantly inhibited phoma stem canker, a devastating disease of Brassica crops worldwide, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. The novel association formed with P. pannorum significantly suppressed the amount of disease caused by L. maculans in one out of two experiments. Although biological control is not a new strategy, endophytic fungi with both antiinsect and antifungal activity are a highly conceivable, sustainable option to manage pests and diseases of economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Roodi
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (D.R.); (R.D.J.)
- School of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.P.M.); (C.R.M.)
- Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad 91769-83641, Iran
| | - James P. Millner
- School of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.P.M.); (C.R.M.)
| | - Craig R. McGill
- School of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.P.M.); (C.R.M.)
| | - Richard D. Johnson
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (D.R.); (R.D.J.)
| | - Shen-Yan Hea
- Digital Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand;
| | - Jenny J. Brookes
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (J.J.B.); (T.R.G.)
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (J.J.B.); (T.R.G.)
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (D.R.); (R.D.J.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Praprotnik E, Lončar J, Razinger J. Testing Virulence of Different Species of Insect Associated Fungi against Yellow Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Their Potential Growth Stimulation to Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2498. [PMID: 34834860 PMCID: PMC8623216 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates 71 isolates of two genera of entomopathogens, Metarhizium and Beauveria, and a biostimulative genus Trichoderma, for their ability to infect yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and to stimulate maize (Zea mays) growth. Fungal origin, host, and isolation methods were taken into account in virulence analysis as well. Isolates Metarhizium brunneum (1154) and Beauveria bassiana (2121) showed the highest mortality (100%) against T. molitor. High virulence seems to be associated with fungi isolated from wild adult mycosed insects, meadow habitats, and Lepidopteran hosts, but due to uneven sample distribution, we cannot draw firm conclusions. Trichoderma atroviride (2882) and Trichoderma gamsii (2883) increased shoot length, three Metarhizium robertsii isolates (2691, 2693, and 2688) increased root length and two M. robertsii isolates (2146 and 2794) increased plant dry weight. Considering both criteria, the isolate M. robertsii (2693) was the best as it caused the death of 73% T. molitor larvae and also significantly increased maize root length by 24.4%. The results warrant further studies with this isolate in a tri-trophic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Praprotnik
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.L.); (J.R.)
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17
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Lara-Juache HR, Ávila-Hernández JG, Rodríguez-Durán LV, Michel MR, Wong-Paz JE, Muñiz-Márquez DB, Veana F, Aguilar-Zárate M, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Aguilar-Zárate P. Characterization of a Biofilm Bioreactor Designed for the Single-Step Production of Aerial Conidia and Oosporein by Beauveria bassiana PQ2. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080582. [PMID: 34436122 PMCID: PMC8396940 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that is used for the biological control of different agricultural pest insects. B. bassiana is traditionally cultivated in submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation systems to obtain secondary metabolites with antifungal activity and infective spores. This work presents the design and characterization of a new laboratory-scale biofilm bioreactor for the simultaneous production of oosporein and aerial conidia by B. bassiana PQ2. The reactor was built with materials available in a conventional laboratory. KLa was determined at different air flows (1.5–2.5 L/min) by two different methods in the liquid phase and in the exhaust gases. The obtained values showed that an air flow of 2.5 L/min is sufficient to ensure adequate aeration to produce aerial conidia and secondary metabolites by B. bassiana. Under the conditions studied, a concentration of 183 mg oosporein per liter and 1.24 × 109 spores per gram of support was obtained at 168 h of culture. These results indicate that the biofilm bioreactor represents a viable alternative for the production of products for biological control from B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Raziel Lara-Juache
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
| | - José Guadalupe Ávila-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo, No. 501, Rafael Curiel, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79060, Mexico;
| | - Luis Víctor Rodríguez-Durán
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, E. Cárdenas González No. 1201, Jardín, Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas C.P. 89840, Mexico
- Correspondence: (L.V.R.-D.); (P.A.-Z.)
| | - Mariela Ramona Michel
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
| | - Jorge Enrique Wong-Paz
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
| | - Diana Beatriz Muñiz-Márquez
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabiola Veana
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
| | - Mayra Aguilar-Zárate
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78290, Mexico;
| | - Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza s/n, República Oriente, Saltillo, Coahuila C.P. 25280, Mexico;
| | - Pedro Aguilar-Zárate
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera al Ingenio Plan de Ayala Km. 2, Colonia Vista Hermosa, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí C.P. 79010, Mexico; (H.R.L.-J.); (M.R.M.); (J.E.W.-P.); (D.B.M.-M.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.V.R.-D.); (P.A.-Z.)
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