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Kay GA, Patterson EI, Hughes GL, Lord JS, Reimer LJ. Knockdown resistance allele L1014F introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 is not associated with altered vector competence of Anopheles gambiae for o'nyong nyong virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288994. [PMID: 37561739 PMCID: PMC10414658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are widespread amongst vector populations. Previous research has suggested that these alleles are associated with changes in the vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses and Plasmodium, however non-target genetic differences between mosquito strains may have had a confounding effect. Here, to minimise genetic differences, the laboratory Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain was compared to a CRISPR/Cas9 homozygous kdr L1014F mutant Kisumu-kdr line in order to examine associations with vector competence for o'nyong nyong virus (ONNV). Mosquitoes were infected using either blood feeds or intrathoracic microinjections. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of virus in mosquito body parts between kdr mutant and wildtype lines from either oral or intrathoracic injection routes. The ONNV titre was significantly higher in the legs of the wildtype strain at 7dpi following intrathoracic microinjection, but no other significant differences in viral titre were detected. ONNV was not detected in the saliva of mosquitoes from either strain. Our findings from per os infections suggest that the kdr L1014F allele is not associated with altered infection prevalence for ONNV, a key component of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. Kay
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Borowik A, Wyszkowska J, Zaborowska M, Kucharski J. Microbial Diversity and Enzyme Activity as Indicators of Permethrin-Exposed Soil Health. Molecules 2023; 28:4756. [PMID: 37375310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their wide range of applications in the control of ticks and insects in horticulture, forestry, agriculture and food production, pyrethroids pose a significant threat to the environment, including a risk to human health. Hence, it is extremely important to gain a sound understanding of the response of plants and changes in the soil microbiome induced by permethrin. The purpose of this study has been to show the diversity of microorganisms, activity of soil enzymes and growth of Zea mays following the application of permethrin. This article presents the results of the identification of microorganisms with the NGS sequencing method, and of isolated colonies of microorganisms on selective microbiological substrates. Furthermore, the activity of several soil enzymes, such as dehydrogenases (Deh), urease (Ure), catalase (Cat), acid phosphatase (Pac), alkaline phosphatase (Pal), β-glucosidase (Glu) and arylsulfatase (Aryl), as well as the growth of Zea mays and its greenness indicators (SPAD), after 60 days of growth following the application of permethrin, were presented. The research results indicate that permethrin does not have a negative effect on the growth of plants. The metagenomic studies showed that the application of permethrin increases the abundance of Proteobacteria, but decreases the counts of Actinobacteria and Ascomycota. The application of permethrin raised to the highest degree the abundance of bacteria of the genera Cellulomonas, Kaistobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter and fungi of the genera Penicillium, Humicola, Iodophanus, Meyerozyma. It has been determined that permethrin stimulates the multiplication of organotrophic bacteria and actinomycetes, decreases the counts of fungi and depresses the activity of all soil enzymes in unseeded soil. Zea mays is able to mitigate the effect of permethrin and can therefore be used as an effective phytoremediation plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Borowik
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wyszkowska
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zaborowska
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Kucharski
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Chen TY, Bozic J, Mathias D, Smartt CT. Immune-related transcripts, microbiota and vector competence differ in dengue-2 virus-infected geographically distinct Aedes aegypti populations. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 37208697 PMCID: PMC10199558 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector competence in Aedes aegypti is influenced by various factors. Crucial new control methods can be developed by recognizing which factors affect virus and mosquito interactions. METHODS In the present study we used three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations and compared their susceptibility to infection by dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). To identify any differences among the three mosquito populations, we evaluated expression levels of immune-related genes and assessed the presence of microbiota that might contribute to the uniqueness in their vector competence. RESULTS Based on the results from the DENV-2 competence study, we categorized the three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations into a refractory population (Vilas do Atlântico), a susceptible population (Vero) and a susceptible but low transmission population (California). The immune-related transcripts were highly expressed in the California population but not in the refractory population. However, the Rel-1 gene was upregulated in the Vilas do Atlântico population following ingestion of a non-infectious blood meal, suggesting the gene's involvement in non-viral responses, such as response to microbiota. Screening of the bacteria, fungi and flaviviruses revealed differences between populations, and any of these could be one of the factors that interfere with the vector competence. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal potential factors that might impact the virus and mosquito interaction, as well as influence the Ae. aegypti refractory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yu Chen
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Derrick Mathias
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
| | - Chelsea T. Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
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Ratnayake OC, Chotiwan N, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Perera R. The buzz in the field: the interaction between viruses, mosquitoes, and metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1128577. [PMID: 37360524 PMCID: PMC10289420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many medically important pathogens, arboviruses like dengue, Zika and chikungunya cause severe health and economic burdens especially in developing countries. These viruses are primarily vectored by mosquitoes. Having surmounted geographical barriers and threat of control strategies, these vectors continue to conquer many areas of the globe exposing more than half of the world's population to these viruses. Unfortunately, no medical interventions have been capable so far to produce successful vaccines or antivirals against many of these viruses. Thus, vector control remains the fundamental strategy to prevent disease transmission. The long-established understanding regarding the replication of these viruses is that they reshape both human and mosquito host cellular membranes upon infection for their replicative benefit. This leads to or is a result of significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Metabolism involves complex chemical reactions in the body that are essential for general physiological functions and survival of an organism. Finely tuned metabolic homeostases are maintained in healthy organisms. However, a simple stimulus like a viral infection can alter this homeostatic landscape driving considerable phenotypic change. Better comprehension of these mechanisms can serve as innovative control strategies against these vectors and viruses. Here, we review the metabolic basis of fundamental mosquito biology and virus-vector interactions. The cited work provides compelling evidence that targeting metabolism can be a paradigm shift and provide potent tools for vector control as well as tools to answer many unresolved questions and gaps in the field of arbovirology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshani C. Ratnayake
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nunya Chotiwan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Serrato IM, Moreno-Aguilera D, Caicedo PA, Orobio Y, Ocampo CB, Maestre-Serrano R, Peláez-Carvajal D, Ahumada ML. Vector competence of lambda-cyhalothrin resistant Aedes aegypti strains for dengue-2, Zika and chikungunya viruses in Colombia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276493. [PMID: 36282839 PMCID: PMC9595557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Studies have shown that insecticide resistance affects vector competence (VC) of some mosquito species. This study evaluates the effect of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and kdr V1016I mutation genotypes on the VC of Ae. aegypti strains for DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Three Ae. aegypti strains with gradual lambda-cyhalothrin resistance (susceptible, resistant, and highly resistant) were infected with DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Individual mosquitoes were tested to detect virus infection in the abdomen and head-salivary glands, using RT-PCR, and genotypes for V1016I mutations using allele-specific PCR. Recorded VC variables were midgut infection rate (MIR), dissemination rate (DIR), and dissemination efficiency (DIE). Lambda-cyhalothrin resistance affects differentially VC variables for ZIKV, DENV-2, and CHIKV. For ZIKV, an apparent gradual increase in DIR and DIE with the increase in insecticide resistance was observed. For DENV-2 the MIR and DIE were higher in insecticide resistant strains. For CHIKV, only MIR could be evaluated, this variable was higher in insecticide resistance strains. The presence of kdr V1016I mutation on mosquito resistant strains did not affect VC variables for three study viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idalba M. Serrato
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Salutia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana Moreno-Aguilera
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Salutia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Paola A. Caicedo
- Natural Science Faculty, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yenifer Orobio
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Clara B. Ocampo
- Vector, Biology and Control Unit. Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Dirección de Vocaciones y Formación, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación, Minciencias, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Ronald Maestre-Serrano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | - Martha L. Ahumada
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Campos KB, Alomar AA, Eastmond BH, Obara MT, Alto BW. Brazilian Populations of Aedes aegypti Resistant to Pyriproxyfen Exhibit Lower Susceptibility to Infection with Zika Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102198. [PMID: 36298753 PMCID: PMC9606930 DOI: 10.3390/v14102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has caused devastating consequences in Brazil as infections were associated with neurological complications in neonates. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of ZIKV, and the evolution of insecticide resistance (IR) in this species can compromise control efforts. Although relative levels of phenotypic IR in mosquitoes can change considerably over time, its influence on vector competence for arboviruses is unclear. Pyriproxyfen (PPF)-resistant populations of Ae. aegypti were collected from five municipalities located in Northeast of Brazil, which demonstrated different resistance levels; low (Serrinha, Brumado), moderate (Juazeiro do Norte, Itabuna), and high (Quixadá). Experimental per os infection using ZIKV were performed with individuals from these populations and with an insecticide susceptible strain (Rockefeller) to determine their relative vector competence for ZIKV. Although all populations were competent to transmit ZIKV, mosquitoes derived from populations with moderate to high levels of IR exhibited similar or lower susceptibility to ZIKV infection than those from populations with low IR or the susceptible strain. These observations suggest an association between IR and arbovirus infection, which may be attributable to genetic hitchhiking. The use of PPF to control Brazilian Ae. aegypti may be associated with an indirect benefit of reduced susceptibility to infection, but no changes in disseminated infection and transmission of ZIKV among PPF-resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauara Brito Campos
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância de Aboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Edifício PO 700, SRTV 702, Via W 5 Norte, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A. Alomar
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Bradley H. Eastmond
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Marcos Takashi Obara
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
- Correspondence:
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Urio NH, Pinda PG, Ngonzi AJ, Muyaga LL, Msugupakulya BJ, Finda M, Matanila GS, Mponzi W, Ngowo HS, Kahamba NF, Nkya TE, Okumu FO. Effects of agricultural pesticides on the susceptibility and fitness of malaria vectors in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:213. [PMID: 35710443 PMCID: PMC9204902 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agricultural pesticides may exert strong selection pressures on malaria vectors during the aquatic life stages and may contribute to resistance in adult mosquitoes. This could reduce the performance of key vector control interventions such as indoor-residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of agrochemicals on susceptibility and fitness of the malaria vectors across farming areas in Tanzania. METHODS An exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted to assess pesticide use in four villages (V1-V4) in south-eastern Tanzania. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were collected from agricultural fields in the same villages and their emergent adults examined for insecticide susceptibility, egg-laying and wing lengths (as proxy for body size). These tests were repeated using two groups of laboratory-reared An. arabiensis, one of which was pre-exposed for 48 h to sub-lethal aquatic doses of agricultural pesticides found in the villages. RESULTS Farmers lacked awareness about the linkages between the public health and agriculture sectors but were interested in being more informed. Agrochemical usage was reported as extensive in V1, V2 and V3 but minimal in V4. Similarly, mosquitoes from V1 to V3 but not V4 were resistant to pyrethroids and either pirimiphos-methyl or bendiocarb, or both. Adding the synergist piperonyl butoxide restored potency of the pyrethroids. Pre-exposure of laboratory-reared mosquitoes to pesticides during aquatic stages did not affect insecticide susceptibility in emergent adults of the same filial generation. There was also no effect on fecundity, except after pre-exposure to organophosphates, which were associated with fewer eggs and smaller mosquitoes. Wild mosquitoes were smaller than laboratory-reared ones, but fecundity was similar. CONCLUSIONS Safeguarding the potential of insecticide-based interventions requires improved understanding of how agricultural pesticides influence important life cycle processes and transmission potential of mosquito vectors. In this study, susceptibility of mosquitoes to public health insecticides was lower in villages reporting frequent use of pesticides compared to villages with little or no pesticide use. Variations in the fitness parameters, fecundity and wing length marginally reflected the differences in exposure to agrochemicals and should be investigated further. Pesticide use may exert additional life cycle constraints on mosquito vectors, but this likely occurs after multi-generational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi H. Urio
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Polius G. Pinda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amos J. Ngonzi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Letus L. Muyaga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Betwel J. Msugupakulya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marceline Finda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Godfrey S. Matanila
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Winifrida Mponzi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S. Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Najat F. Kahamba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Theresia E. Nkya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland
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Juache-Villagrana AE, Pando-Robles V, Garcia-Luna SM, Ponce-Garcia G, Fernandez-Salas I, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Flores AE. Assessing the Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Competence: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:377. [PMID: 35447819 PMCID: PMC9024519 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Juache-Villagrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigacion Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Selene M. Garcia-Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
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Wang Y, Wilson AE, Liu N. A New Method to Address the Importance of Detoxified Enzyme in Insecticide Resistance – Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818531. [PMID: 35309076 PMCID: PMC8924616 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, and plant pathogens, like the tobacco mosaic virus, are responsible for human deaths and poor crop yields in communities around the world. The use of insecticides has been one of the major tools in pest control. However, the development of insecticide resistance has been a major problem in the control of insect pest populations that threaten the health of both humans and plants. The overexpression of detoxification genes is thought to be one of the major mechanisms through which pests develop resistance to insecticides. Hundreds of research papers have explored how overexpressed detoxification genes increase the resistance status of insects to an insecticide in recent years. This study is, for the first time, a synthesis of these resistance and gene expression data aimed at (1) setting up an example for the application of meta-analysis in the investigation of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and (2) seeking to determine if the overexpression detoxification genes are responsible for insecticide resistance in insect pests in general. A strong correlation of increased levels of insecticide resistance has been observed in tested insects with cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and esterase gene superfamilies, confirming that the overexpression of detoxification genes is indeed involved in the insecticide resistance through the increased metabolism of insecticides of insects, including medically (e.g., mosquito and housefly) and agriculturally (e.g., planthopper and caterpillar) important insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Alan E. Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nannan Liu,
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Stephenson CJ, Coatsworth H, Waits CM, Nazario-Maldonado NM, Mathias DK, Dinglasan RR, Lednicky JA. Geographic Partitioning of Dengue Virus Transmission Risk in Florida. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112232. [PMID: 34835038 PMCID: PMC8622774 DOI: 10.3390/v13112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) cause the greatest public health burden globally among the arthropod-borne viruses. DENV transmission risk has also expanded from tropical to subtropical regions due to the increasing range of its principal mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. Focal outbreaks of dengue fever (dengue) in the state of Florida (FL) in the USA have increased since 2009. However, little is known about the competence of Ae. aegypti populations across different regions of FL to transmit DENVs. To understand the effects of DENV genotype and serotype variations on vector susceptibility and transmission potential in FL, we orally infected a colony of Ae. aegypti (Orlando/ORL) with low passage or laboratory DENV-1 through -4. Low passage DENVs were more infectious to and had higher transmission potential by ORL mosquitoes. We used these same DENVs to examine natural Ae. aegypti populations to determine whether spatial distributions correlated with differential vector competence. Vector competence across all DENV serotypes was greater for mosquitoes from areas with the highest dengue incidence in south FL compared to north FL. Vector competence for low passage DENVs was significantly higher, revealing that transmission risk is influenced by virus/vector combinations. These data support a targeted mosquito-plus-pathogen screening approach to more accurately estimate DENV transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Stephenson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Christy M. Waits
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212, USA
| | - Nicole M. Nazario-Maldonado
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Derrick K. Mathias
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence: (R.R.D.); (J.A.L.)
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (C.J.S.); (H.C.); (C.M.W.); (N.M.N.-M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence: (R.R.D.); (J.A.L.)
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11
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Chen TY, Smartt CT. Activation of the autophagy pathway decreases dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti cells. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:551. [PMID: 34702321 PMCID: PMC8549150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) causes major disease worldwide, impacting 50–100 million people every year, and is spread by the major mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Understanding mosquito physiology, including antiviral mechanisms, and developing new control strategies have become an important step towards the elimination of DENV disease. In the study reported here, we focused on autophagy, a pathway suggested as having a positive influence on virus replication in humans, as a potential antiviral target in the mosquito. Methods To understand the role played by autophagy in Ae. aegypti, we examined the activation of this pathway in Aag-2 cells, an Ae. aegypti-derived cell line, infected with DENV. Rapamycin and 3-methyladenine, two small molecules that have been shown to affect the function of the autophagy pathway, were used to activate or suppress, respectively, the autophagy pathway. Results At 1-day post-DENV infection in Aag-2 cells, transcript levels of both the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and autophagy-related protein 1 (ATG1) increased. Rapamycin treatment activated the autophagy pathway as early as 1-h post-treatment, and the virus titer had decreased in the Aag-2 cells at 2 days post-infection; in contrast, the 3-methyladenine treatment did not significantly affect the DENV titer. Treatment with these small molecules also impacted the ATG12 transcript levels in DENV-infected cells. Conclusions Our studies revealed that activation of the autophagy pathway through rapamycin treatment altered DENV infection in the mosquito cells, suggesting that this pathway could be a possible antiviral mechanism in the mosquito system. Here we provide fundamental information needed to proceed with future experiments and to improve our understanding of the mosquito’s immune response against DENV. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05066-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yu Chen
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Chelsea T Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
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Chen TY, Lee Y, Wang X, Mathias D, Caragata EP, Smartt CT. Profiling Transcriptional Response of Dengue-2 Virus Infection in Midgut Tissue of Aedes aegypti. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.708817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mosquito antiviral response could reveal target pathways or genes of interest that could form the basis of new disease control applications. However, there is a paucity of data in the current literature in understanding antiviral response during the replication period. To illuminate the gene expression patterns in the replication stage, we collected gene expression data at 2.5 days after Dengue-2 virus (DENV-2) infection. We sequenced the whole transcriptome of the midgut tissue and compared gene expression levels between the control and virus-infected group. We identified 31 differentially expressed genes. Based on their function, we identified that those genes fell into two major functional categories - (1) nucleic acid/protein process and (2) immunity/oxidative stress response. Our study has identified candidate genes that can be followed up for gene overexpression/inhibition experiments to examine if the perturbed gene interaction may impact the mosquito’s immune response against DENV. This is an important step to understanding how mosquitoes eliminate the virus and provides an important foundation for further research in developing novel dengue control strategies.
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Parker-Crockett C, Connelly CR, Siegfried B, Alto B. Influence of Pyrethroid Resistance on Vector Competency for Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1908-1916. [PMID: 33724374 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vector competence of mosquitoes for pathogens has been shown to be influenced by the status of insecticide resistance in the mosquito population. However, to date, only two studies has explored the impact of insecticide resistance on arbovirus transmission. The global and widespread use of pyrethroids has led to the development of insecticide resistance in many mosquito species, including Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), the primary vector of Zika virus. Strains of Ae. aegypti that were genetically similar, but responded differently to pyrethroid exposure, were developed using backcrossing techniques. These populations were orally infected with Zika virus and susceptibility to infection, disseminated infection, and transmission potential were evaluated. Analyses revealed differences in susceptibility to infection and disseminated infection between the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Ae. aegypti during the infection period. Here, we identify an additional challenge to that of widespread pyrethroid resistance. Specifically, resistance is associated with altered phenotypic traits that influence susceptibility to arbovirus infection and progression of infection in the mosquito, factors which ultimately influence risk of arbovirus transmission. These findings support the need to 1) consider insecticide resistance status during times of arbovirus transmission and 2) to implement insecticide resistance management/ mitigation strategies in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Parker-Crockett
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Blair Siegfried
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Alto
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
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