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Chen M, Kan J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Lv C, Zhong B, Li C, Qin W. Combined Analysis of Metabolomics and Biochemical Changes Reveals the Nutritional and Functional Characteristics of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae at Different Developmental Stages. INSECTS 2024; 15:294. [PMID: 38667424 PMCID: PMC11050521 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the changes in the conventional nutrient and mineral compositions as well as the metabolomics characteristics of the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) larvae at early (EL), middle (ML) and old (OL) developmental stages were investigated. Results showed that the EL and ML had the highest content of protein (53.87 g/100 g dw) and fat (67.95 g/100 g), respectively, and three kinds of RPW larvae were all found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids (52.17-53.12%), potassium (5707.12-15,865.04 mg/kg) and phosphorus (2123.87-7728.31 mg/kg). In addition, their protein contained 17 amino acids with the largest proportion of glutamate. A total of 424 metabolites mainly including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, organic heterocycle compounds, alkaloids and their derivatives, etc. were identified in the RPW larvae. There was a significant enrichment in the ABC transport, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and mTOR signaling pathways as the larvae grow according to the analysis results of the metabolic pathways of differential metabolites. The water extract of EL exhibited relatively higher hydroxyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyrroline hydrochloride (DPPH) and 2,2'-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging ability with the EC50 values of 1.12 mg/mL, 11.23 mg/mL, and 2.52 mg/mL, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of the compositional changes of the RPW larvae during its life cycle and provide a theoretical grounding for its deep processing and high-value utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Jintao Kan
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jinhao Zhao
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Chaojun Lv
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Baozhu Zhong
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Weiquan Qin
- Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (J.K.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (B.Z.)
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Choi RY, Kim IW, Ji M, Paik MJ, Ban EJ, Lee JH, Hwang JS, Kweon H, Seo M. Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae ethanol extract inhibits RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis and ameliorates bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115112. [PMID: 37413903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of osteoclast formation could be a therapeutic target for inhibiting pathological bone destruction. The receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) is known to be an essential factor in osteoclast differentiation and activation inducers. However, whether Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (P. brevitarsis) larvae-a traditional animal-derived medicine used in many Asian countries-can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and prevent ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss has not been evaluated. Here, we aimed to investigate the anti-osteoporotic effects of P. brevitarsis larvae ethanol extract (PBE) in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and OVX mice. In vitro, PBE (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) decreased RANKL‑induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and expression of osteoclastogenesis-associated genes and proteins. Furthermore, PBE (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB. Female C3H/HeN mice were divided into five groups (n = 5 per group), namely, sham-operated, OVX, OVX+PBEL (100 mg/kg, oral gavage), OVX+PBEH (200 mg/kg, oral gavage), and OVX+estradiol (0.03 μg/day, subcutaneous injection). High doses of PBE significantly increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), whereas femoral bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) and osteoclastogenesis-associated protein expression decreased compared to those in the OVX group. Moreover, PBE (200 mg/kg) significantly increased estradiol and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide and decreased N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen compared to those in the OVX group. Our results suggest that PBE can be an effective therapeutic candidate for preventing or treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra-Yeong Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - In-Woo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - Moongi Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, the Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Jin Ban
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - HaeYong Kweon
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea
| | - Minchul Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, the Republic of Korea.
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Effect of Moisture and Oil Content in the Supercritical CO 2 Defatting of Hermetia illucens Larvae. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030490. [PMID: 36766019 PMCID: PMC9913976 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The supercritical defatting of H. illucens was scaled up at 450 bar and 60 °C from a 270 cm3 extraction cell to a vessel five times larger. Then, eight different H. illucens larvae batches, with variable content of oil (16.80-29.17% w/w) and moisture (4.45-15.95% w/w) were defatted. The effect of these parameters on yield and oil composition was analyzed. The presence of moisture in the larvae batch, in the range of the values studied, had no negative effect on the oil recovery efficiency, which was mainly determined by the initial content of oil in the larvae samples. Furthermore, no differences were determined in the fatty acid profile of the oils recovered, which were rich in saturated fatty acids, mainly lauric acid (ca. 50% w/w). Minor lipids, such as squalene and phytosterols, were determined in all the oil samples. The moisture content in the oils extracted was in the range of 0.118-1.706% w/w. Therefore, some samples exceeded the limits recommended for volatile matter in edible fats and oils (0.2%, including moisture). Yet, concerning the oil peroxide index, values were much lower than those corresponding to the oil extracted using hexane.
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Zhang ZQ, Chen SC, Wei XF, Geng J, Sui ZX, Wang QL, Liu CQ, Xiao JH, Huang DW. Characterization of bioactives and in vitro biological activity from Protaetia brevitarsis larval extracts obtained by different pretreatment extractions. Food Chem 2022; 405:134891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Navarro del Hierro J, Cantero-Bahillo E, Fernández-Felipe MT, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Rada P, Doblado L, Ferreira V, Hitos AB, Valverde ÁM, Monsalve M, Martin D. Effects of a Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Extract on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Pathologies: In Vitro Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammatory Response, Hypolipidemic Activity and Oxidative Stress. INSECTS 2022; 13:896. [PMID: 36292844 PMCID: PMC9604471 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus 1758) is gaining importance as one of the most popular edible insects. Studies focusing on its bioactivities are increasing, although alternative forms of consumption other than the whole insect or flour, such as bioactive non-protein extracts, remain underexplored. Furthermore, the incidence of metabolic syndrome-related pathologies keeps increasing, hence the importance of seeking novel natural sources for reducing the impact of certain risk factors. The aim was to study the potential of a non-protein mealworm extract on metabolic syndrome-related pathologies, obtained with ethanol:water (1:1, v/v) by ultrasound-assisted extraction. We characterized the extract by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry and assessed its hypolipidemic potential, its ability to scavenger free radicals, to attenuate the inflammatory response in microglial cells, to affect mitochondrial respiration and to enhance insulin sensitivity in mouse hepatocytes. The extract contained fatty acids, monoglycerides, amino acids, certain acids and sugars. The mealworm extract caused a 30% pancreatic lipase inhibition, 80% DPPH· scavenging activity and 55.9% reduction in the bioaccessibility of cholesterol (p = 0.009). The extract was effective in decreasing iNOS levels, increasing basal, maximal and ATP coupled respiration as well as enhancing insulin-mediated AKT phosphorylation at low insulin concentrations (p < 0.05). The potential of a non-protein bioactive mealworm extract against metabolic syndrome-related pathologies is shown, although further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and relationship with compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Cantero-Bahillo
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Fernández-Felipe
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R. García-Risco
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Doblado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Vitor Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Hitos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Bogdan G, Ioan SD, Mihai Ș, Elena ML, Vasile MD, Mihaela BA. Particularities of the Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Ovipositing Behavior: Practical Applications. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070611. [PMID: 35886787 PMCID: PMC9319695 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The industrial rearing of Hermetia illucens offers sustainable solutions to the acute challenges of modern society associated with the accumulation of increasing amounts of organic waste, the substantial reduction of natural ocean fish stocks, and the imminent food crisis. Detailed knowledge of the reproductive particularities and reproductive behavior of the species is essential for increasing the efficiency of the breeding technology. This study aimed to identify the affinity shown by females regarding the size of the oviposition slots (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm), the vertical distribution of the ovipositing rate, and the influence of the substrate’s moisture on ovipositing behavior (dry matter/water: 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2). Over 90% of females oviposited in the 1-, 2- and 3-mm slots, with most of the eggs (58.57%) being oviposited in the 1-mm slots. There was a positive correlation between the size of the oviposition slots and the average weight of the clutches (r = 0.985). The vertical distribution of ovipositing followed a fluctuating trend, with a tendency to oviposit closer to the attractive substrate. The females avoided ovipositing close to substrates with low humidity (1:0.5); indeed, only 6.8% oviposited under these conditions, the differences being significant compared to substrates with higher humidity (p < 0.001). The vast majority of females (43.2%) oviposited on substrates with an average humidity of 1:1 (p < 0.001). These results provide new insights into the ovipositing behavior of H. illucens, which allow for a differentiated harvest of large-sized clutches, providing practical applications with significant impact on the economic efficiency of the species’ industrial growth technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgescu Bogdan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Struți Dănuț Ioan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (S.D.I.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Șuteu Mihai
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Lavinia Elena
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Dorin Vasile
- Department of Geotechnical and Foundations, Faculty of Construction, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400144 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Boaru Anca Mihaela
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (S.D.I.); (B.A.M.)
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