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Smith CD, Cornman RS, Fike JA, Kraus JM, Oyler-McCance SJ, Givens CE, Hladik ML, Vandever MW, Kolpin DW, Smalling KL. Comparing modern identification methods for wild bees: Metabarcoding and image-based morphological taxonomic assignment. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301474. [PMID: 38564614 PMCID: PMC10986983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the decline of bee populations worldwide, studies determining current wild bee distributions and diversity are increasingly important. Wild bee identification is often completed by experienced taxonomists or by genetic analysis. The current study was designed to compare two methods of identification including: (1) morphological identification by experienced taxonomists using images of field-collected wild bees and (2) genetic analysis of composite bee legs (multiple taxa) using metabarcoding. Bees were collected from conservation grasslands in eastern Iowa in summer 2019 and identified to the lowest taxonomic unit using both methods. Sanger sequencing of individual wild bee legs was used as a positive control for metabarcoding. Morphological identification of bees using images resulted in 36 unique taxa among 22 genera, and >80% of Bombus specimens were identified to species. Metabarcoding was limited to genus-level assignments among 18 genera but resolved some morphologically similar genera. Metabarcoding did not consistently detect all genera in the composite samples, including kleptoparasitic bees. Sanger sequencing showed similar presence or absence detection results as metabarcoding but provided species-level identifications for cryptic species (i.e., Lasioglossum). Genus-specific detections were more frequent with morphological identification than metabarcoding, but certain genera such as Ceratina and Halictus were identified equally well with metabarcoding and morphology. Genera with proportionately less tissue in a composite sample were less likely to be detected using metabarcoding. Image-based methods were limited by image quality and visible morphological features, while genetic methods were limited by databases, primers, and amplification at target loci. This study shows how an image-based identification method compares with genetic techniques, and how in combination, the methods provide valuable genus- and species-level information for wild bees while preserving tissue for other analyses. These methods could be improved and transferred to a field setting to advance our understanding of wild bee distributions and to expedite conservation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D. Smith
- Oregon Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Bend, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Cornman
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Fike
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Johanna M. Kraus
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Oyler-McCance
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Carrie E. Givens
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Hladik
- California Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Vandever
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- Central Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Smalling
- New Jersey Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
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Satyshur CD, Evans EC, Forsberg BM, Evans TA, Blair R. Determining Minnesota bee species' distributions and phenologies with the help of participatory science. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16146. [PMID: 38025759 PMCID: PMC10656906 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Minnesota Bee Atlas project contributed new information about bee distributions, phenologies, and community structure by mobilizing participatory science volunteers to document bees statewide. Volunteers submitted iNaturalist (©2016 California Academy of Sciences) photograph observations, monitored nest-traps for tunnel-nesting bees, and conducted roadside observational bumble bee surveys. By pairing research scientists and participatory science volunteers, we overcame geographic and temporal challenges to document the presence, phenologies, and abundances of species. Minnesota Bee Atlas project observations included new state records for Megachile inimica, Megachile frugalis, Megachile sculpturalis, Osmia georgica, Stelis permaculata, and Bombus nevadensis, nesting phenology for 17 species, a new documentation of bivoltinism for Megachile relativa in Minnesota, and over 500 observations of the endangered species Bombus affinis. We also expanded known ranges for 16 bee species compared with specimens available from the University of Minnesota (UMN) Insect Collection. Surveys with standardized effort across the state found ecological province associations for six tunnel-nesting species and lower bumble bee abundance in the Prairie Parkland ecological province than the Laurentian Mixed Forest or Eastern Broadleaf Forest ecological provinces, indicating potential benefit of a focus on bumble bee habitat management in the Prairie Parkland. Landcover analysis found associations for four tunnel-nesting species, as well as a possible association of B. affinis with developed areas. These data can inform management decisions affecting pollinator conservation and recovery of endangered species. By engaging over 2,500 project volunteers and other iNaturalist users, we also promoted conservation action for pollinators through our educational programs and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen D. Satyshur
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Evans
- University of Minnesota Extension, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Britt M. Forsberg
- University of Minnesota Extension, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Thea A. Evans
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Robert Blair
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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