Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Phenotyping for Rice Resistance and Tolerance to Planthoppers

Compatibility of Insecticides with Rice Resistance to Planthoppers as Influenced by the Timing and Frequency of Applications

Simple Summary

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)(BPH) is a pest of rice in Asia. Varietal resistance is proposed as an alternative to insecticides that reduces BPH densities. However, in practice, resistance is often combined with insecticide use. We examined the effects of combining seven insecticides with resistance. We applied insecticides as one, two or three applications (experiment 1), or as early or late applications (experiment 2) to resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice in a screenhouse environment. Carbofuran and fipronil reduced BPH biomass density. Single applications of cartap hydrochloride, cypermethrin, or buprofezin reduced BPH biomass densities on IR62, but not on IR64 (i.e., synergies); however, the effects were weak and multiple applications of all insecticides (≥2) eliminated synergies. Multiple applications of deltamethrin were antagonistic to resistance as indicated by higher densities of planthoppers on treated IR62 than on treated IR64. In non-infested plants from experiment 2, late applications reduced rice yields compared to early applications. Results suggest that early applications of some insecticides risk enhancing BPH densities, whereas late applications risk reducing rice yields. To avoid negative effects, applications should be made in compliance with Integrated Pest Management principals and multiple insecticide applications to BPH resistant rice should be avoided.

Abstract

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)(BPH) is a pest of rice in Asia. We examined the effects of seven insecticides combined with host resistance against BPH. In a screenhouse environment, we treated BPH-infested and non-infested resistant (IR62) and susceptible (IR64) rice with buprofezin, carbofuran, cartap hydrochloride, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fipronil, or thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole. In one experiment, plants received one, two or three applications. In a second experiment, plants received one early or late insecticide application. Carbofuran and fipronil reduced planthopper biomass densities but resistance did not contribute to these effects (i.e., resistance was redundant). Single applications of cartap hydrochloride (at 20 or 50 days after sowing (DAS)), cypermethrin (20 DAS), or buprofezin (50 DAS) reduced BPH biomass densities on IR62 (i.e., synergies); other insecticides and application times, and multiple applications of all insecticides did not reduce BPH biomass densities on IR62 more than on IR64 (i.e., either resistance or insecticides were redundant). Deltamethrin (three applications) was antagonistic to resistance, but host resistance tended to buffer against the negative effects of single deltamethrin applications. Yields of infested IR62 were not statistically improved by insecticide applications. Late applications reduced yields of non-infested rice. We discuss how prophylactic insecticide applications could destabilize BPH populations and reduce the productivity and profitability of resistant rice.

Nitrogenous Fertilizer Reduces Resistance but Enhances Tolerance to the Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a key challenge to rice production in Asia. Outbreaks of planthoppers are associated with excessive fertilizer applications; consequently, we examined planthopper interactions with susceptible, tolerant and resistant varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen in a greenhouse experiment. We compared planthopper fitness (survival × reproduction) and plant tolerance (functional plant loss index) for 16 varieties at 0, 80 and 150 Kg added nitrogen ha^-1. The planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties. Moreover, soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties, but relative resistance was maintained. Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties, but weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties. Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper. Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes. Our results suggested that early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper, but cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities. This indicates that at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore. Furthermore, although dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers, they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes.