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Malinski KH, Elizabeth Moore M, Kingsolver JG. Heat stress and host-parasitoid interactions: lessons and opportunities in a changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101225. [PMID: 38936473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is increasing the frequency and magnitude of high-temperature events (HTEs), causing heat stress in parasitoids and their hosts. We argue that HTEs and heat stress should be viewed in terms of the intersecting life cycles of host and parasitoid. Recent studies illustrate how the biological consequences of a given HTE may vary dramatically depending on its timing within these lifecycles. The temperature sensitivity of host manipulation by parasitoids, and by viral endosymbionts of many parasitoids, can contribute to differing responses of hosts and parasitoids to HTEs. In some cases, these effects can result in reduced parasitoid success and increased host herbivory and may disrupt the ecological interactions between hosts and parasitoids. Because most studies to date involve endoparasitoids of aphid or lepidopteran hosts in agricultural systems, our understanding of heat responses of host-parasitoid interactions in natural systems is quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Elizabeth Moore
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Robert W. Holley Center, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Magara HJO, Tanga CM, Fisher BL, Azrag AGA, Niassy S, Egonyu JP, Hugel S, Roos N, Ayieko MA, Sevgan S, Ekesi S. Impact of temperature on the bionomics and geographical range margins of the two-spotted field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus in the world: Implications for its mass farming. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300438. [PMID: 38687812 PMCID: PMC11060561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) is widely considered an excellent nutrient source for food and feed. Despite its economic importance, there is limited information on the impact of temperature on the bionomics of this cricket to guide its effective and sustainable mass production in its geographical range. The biological parameters of G. bimaculatus were investigated at eight different temperatures ranging from 20-40˚C. The Insect Life-Cycle Modelling (ILCYM) program was used to fit linear and non-linear functions to the data to describe the influence of temperature on life history parameters and its farmability under the current and projected climate for 2050. Our results revealed that G. bimaculatus was able to complete its lifecycle in the temperature range of 20°C to 37°C with a maximum finite rate of population increase (= 1.14) at 35°C. The developmental time of G. bimaculatus decreased with increasing temperature. The least developmental time and mortality were attained at 32°C. The highest wet length and mass of G. bimaculatus occurred at 32°C. The lowest temperature threshold for G. bimaculatus egg and nymph development was approximated using linear regression functions to be at 15.9°C and 16.2°C with a temperature constant of 108.7 and 555.6 degree days. The maximum fecundity (2301.98 eggs per female), net reproductive rate (988.42 daughters/ generation), and intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.134 days) were recorded at 32°C and the shortest doubling of 5.2 days was observed at 35°C. Based on our findings G. bimaculatus can be farmed in countries with temperatures ranging between 20 and 37°C around the globe. These findings will help the cricket farmers understand and project the cricket population dynamics around the world as influenced by temperature, and as such, will contribute to more efficient farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henlay J. O. Magara
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Feed Development, Madagascar Biodiversity Center Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian L. Fisher
- Department of Feed Development, Madagascar Biodiversity Center Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- California Academy of Sciences, Entomology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of African Union (AU-IAPSC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - James P. Egonyu
- Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Sylvain Hugel
- Department of Feed Development, Madagascar Biodiversity Center Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nana Roos
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monica A. Ayieko
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Hafer‐Hahmann N, Vorburger C. Parasitoid species diversity has no effect on protective symbiont diversity in experimental host-parasitoid populations. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11090. [PMID: 38455147 PMCID: PMC10918731 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
How does diversity in nature come about? One factor contributing to this diversity are species interactions; diversity on one trophic level can shape diversity on lower or higher trophic levels. For example, parasite diversity enhances host immune diversity. Insect protective symbionts mediate host resistance and are, therefore, also engaged in reciprocal selection with their host's parasites. Here, we applied experimental evolution in a well-known symbiont-aphid-parasitoid system to study whether parasitoid diversity contributes to maintaining symbiont genetic diversity. We used caged populations of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae), containing uninfected individuals and individuals infected with different strains of the bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which protects aphids against parasitoids. Over multiple generations, these populations were exposed to three different species of parasitoid wasps (Aphidius colemani, Binodoxys acalephae or Lysiphlebus fabarum), simultaneous or sequential mixtures of these species or no wasps. Surprisingly, we observed little selection for H. defensa in most treatments, even when it clearly provided protection against a fatal parasitoid infection. This seemed to be caused by high induced costs of resistance: aphids surviving parasitoid attacks suffered an extreme reduction in fitness. In marked contrast to previous studies looking at the effect of different genotypes of a single parasitoid species, we found little evidence for a diversifying effect of multiple parasitoid species on symbiont diversity in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer‐Hahmann
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Yee WL. Upper thermal limits of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae and pteromalid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inside fly puparia. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:639-647. [PMID: 37338189 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Determining upper thermal limits of tephritid fly pupae can have practical implications for disinfesting soils and for predicting differential impacts of global warming on flies and their parasites. Here, upper thermal limits of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae and pteromalid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inside puparia were determined. Puparia receiving sufficient chill to terminate pupal diapause were exposed to temperatures ramped linearly over 6 h from 21 °C to 47.8, 49.4, 51.1, 55.0, or 60.0 °C for a 0-h hold time. Flies eclosed when pupae were exposed to 47.8 °C but not to 49.4, 51.1, 55.0, or 60.0 °C nor in a separate test to 47.8 °C for 1-3 h hold times. All fly pupae in treatments where no eclosion occurred were dead based on puparial dissections. In contrast, adult wasps eclosed when puparia were exposed to 49.4 and 51.1 °C for 0 h and to 47.8 °C for 1- and 2-h hold times. Despite the greater upper thermal limits of wasps, heat delayed eclosion times of both adult flies and wasps, in 47.8 and 51.1 °C treatments, respectively. In separate tests, longevity of flies exposed as pupae to 47.3-48.6 °C was greater than of control flies, while longevity of control wasps and wasps exposed as immatures to 47.8-51.1 °C did not differ. Flies exposed as pupae to 47.2-48.6 °C produced as many eggs and puparia as control flies. Results suggest heat could be used to disinfest soils of puparia while sparing parasitoids. In addition, extreme heat waves due to global warming might be more detrimental to fly pupae than immature wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
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Jerbi-Elayed M, Tougeron K, Grissa-Lebdi K, Hance T. Effect of developmental temperatures on Aphidius colemani host-foraging behavior at high temperature. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103140. [PMID: 35027198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Temperatures experienced by insects during their adult life often differ from developmental temperatures. Yet, developmental thermal acclimation can play an important role in shaping physiological, morphological, and behavioral traits at the adult stage. We explored how three rearing temperatures (10, 20, and 28 °C) affected host-foraging behaviors and associated traits under warm conditions in the parasitoid Aphidius colemani, a key model in behavioral ecology and an important natural enemy of aphids. Developmental time was longer at lower temperatures, resulting in bigger emerging parasitoids, with higher egg-loads. Parasitism rates, emergence rates, and parasitoid survival (once placed at high temperature) were the highest for parasitoids developed at 20 °C. When exposed to 28 °C, the expression of all behavioral items (time spent walking searching for hosts, number of antennal and ovipositor contacts with hosts) was higher for parasitoids reared at 20 °C, followed by those reared at 10 °C, then those reared at 28 °C. Finally, we showed that parasitoid residence time on aphid patches was determined by both developmental temperatures and the number of host encounter without oviposition, representative of the resource quality. We revealed that developing at 28 °C did not lead to increased adult performance at this temperature, probably because of complex interactions and trade-offs between developmental costs at high temperature and optimal foraging behaviors (e.g., parasitoid size and host-handling capacities). Our results strengthen the idea that thermal developmental plasticity may play an important role in insect behavioral responses to varying temperatures, and is important to consider in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Jerbi-Elayed
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Kaouthar Grissa-Lebdi
- Department of Plant Protection, Institut Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Challenges and opportunities for plant viruses under a climate change scenario. Adv Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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