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Tang Q, Tang J, Chen C, Zhu F, Yu Q, Chen H, Chen L, Ma S, Chen K, Li G. Bombyx mori RPL13 participates in UV-induced DNA damage repair of B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus through interaction with Bm65. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38801334 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) is highly conserved in evolution. At present, the properties and functions of RPL13 have not been characterised in insects. In this study, Bombyx mori RPL13 (BmRPL13) was first found to be specifically recruited to the sites of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and contributed to UV damage repair. Escherichia coli expressing BmRPL13 showed better resistance to UV radiation. After knocking down the expression of BmRPL13 in BmN cells, the repair speed of UV-damaged DNA slowed down. The further results showed that BmRPL13 interacted with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ORF65 (Bm65) protein to locate at the UV-induced DNA damage sites of BmNPV and helped repair UV-damaged viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ceru Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang L, Liu Q, Guo P, Gao Z, Chen D, Zhang T, Ning J. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in the Bean Bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:960. [PMID: 38132633 PMCID: PMC10743553 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is widely accepted as a precise and convenient method for quantitatively analyzing the expression of functional genes. The data normalization strongly depends upon stable reference genes. The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a significant pest of leguminous crops and broadly distributed across Southeast Asia. In this study, a total of 16 candidate reference genes (RPL32, RPS23, SDHA, UBQ, UCCR, GST, TATA-box, HSP70, GAPDH, RPL7A, SOD, RPS3, Actin, α-tubulin, AK, and EF1) were carefully chosen in R. pedestris, and their expression levels were assessed across various conditions, including different developmental stages, diverse tissues, temperature treatments, adult age, molting time, and mating status. Following this, the stability of these reference genes was evaluated using four algorithms (ΔCt, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper). Ultimately, the comprehensive rankings were determined using the online tool RefFinder. Our results demonstrate that the reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis in R. pedestris is contingent upon the specific experimental conditions. RPL7A and EF1 are optimal reference genes for developmental stages. Furthermore, α-tubulin and EF1 exhibit the most stable expression across various adult tissues. RPL32 and RPL7A exhibit the most stable expression for adult age. For nymph age, RPL32 and SOD display the most stable expression. For temperature conditions, RPS23 and RPL7A were identified as the most suitable for monitoring gene expression. Lastly, we verified the practicability of evaluating expression levels of odorant-binding protein 37 (RpedOBP37) and cytochrome P450 6a2 (RpedCYP6) throughout developmental stages, tissues, and temperature conditions. These findings are a significant addition to the qRT-PCR analysis studies on R. pedestris, serving as a fundamental groundwork for future investigations on stable reference genes in R. pedestris as well as other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Pei Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Zhanlin Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding 071000, China; (P.G.); (Z.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.)
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Zhang Y, Mu D, Wang L, Wang X, Wilson IW, Chen W, Wang J, Liu Z, Qiu D, Tang Q. Reference Genes Screening and Gene Expression Patterns Analysis Involved in Gelsenicine Biosynthesis under Different Hormone Treatments in Gelsemium elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15973. [PMID: 37958955 PMCID: PMC10648913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is an accurate method for quantifying gene expression levels. Choosing appropriate reference genes to normalize the data is essential for reducing errors. Gelsemium elegans is a highly poisonous but important medicinal plant used for analgesic and anti-swelling purposes. Gelsenicine is one of the vital active ingredients, and its biosynthesis pathway remains to be determined. In this study, G. elegans leaf tissue with and without the application of one of four hormones (SA, MeJA, ETH, and ABA) known to affect gelsenicine synthesis, was analyzed using ten candidate reference genes. The gene stability was evaluated using GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ∆CT, and RefFinder. The results showed that the optimal stable reference genes varied among the different treatments and that at least two reference genes were required for accurate quantification. The expression patterns of 15 genes related to the gelsenicine upstream biosynthesis pathway was determined by RT-qPCR using the relevant reference genes identified. Three genes 8-HGO, LAMT, and STR, were found to have a strong correlation with the amount of gelsenicine measured in the different samples. This research is the first study to examine the reference genes of G. elegans under different hormone treatments and will be useful for future molecular analyses of this medically important plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (L.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Detian Mu
- College of Horticulture, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (L.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Liya Wang
- College of Horticulture, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (L.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Xujun Wang
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410018, China
| | - Iain W. Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (L.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Jinghan Wang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
| | - Zhaoying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Qi Tang
- College of Horticulture, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Z.); (D.M.); (L.W.); (W.C.)
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Li S, Yu X, Fan B, Hao D. A gut-isolated Enterococcus strain (HcM7) triggers the expression of antimicrobial peptides that aid resistance to nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of Hyphantria cunea larvae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3529-3537. [PMID: 37198147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal microorganisms are widely distributed in insect gut tissues and play important roles in host nutrition, metabolism, reproductive regulation, and especially immune functioning and tolerance to pathogens. Consequently, gut microbiota represent a promising resource for the development of microbial-based products for pest control and management. However, the interactions among host immunity, entomopathogen infections, and gut microbiota remain poorly understood for many arthropod pests. RESULTS We previously isolated an Enterococcus strain (HcM7) from Hyphantria cunea larvae guts that increased the survival rates of larvae challenged with nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). Here, we further investigated whether this Enterococcus strain stimulates a protective immune response against NPV proliferation. Infection bioassays demonstrated that re-introduction of the HcM7 strain to germfree larvae preactivated the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (particularly H. cunea gloverin 1, HcGlv1), resulting in the significant repression of virus replication in host guts and hemolymph, and consequently improved host survivorship after NPV infection. Furthermore, silencing of the HcGlv1 gene by RNA interference markedly enhanced the deleterious effects of NPV infection, revealing a role of this gut symbiont-induced gene in host defenses against pathogenic infections. CONCLUSION These results show that some gut microorganisms can stimulate host immune systems, thereby contributing to resistance to entomopathogens. Furthermore, HcM7, as a functional symbiotic bacteria of H. cunea larvae, may be a potential target for increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents against this devastating pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohang Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binqi Fan
- Forest Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Zhao X, Guo J, Lu Y, Sun T, Tian J, Huang J, Xu H, Wang Z, Lu Z. Reference Genes for Expression Analysis Using RT-qPCR in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111046. [PMID: 36421949 PMCID: PMC9697642 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a destructive migratory rice pest. Although many studies have investigated its behavioral and physiological responses to environmental changes and migration-inducing factors, little is known about its molecular mechanisms. This study was conducted to select suitable RT-qPCR reference genes to facilitate future gene expression studies. Here, thirteen candidate housekeeping genes (EF1α, AK, EF1β, GAPDH, PGK, RPL13, RPL18, RPS3, 18S rRNA, TBP1, TBP2, ACT, and UCCR) were selected to evaluate their stabilities under different conditions using the ∆CT method; the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper algorithms; and the online tool RefFinder. The results showed that the most stable reference genes were EF1β, PGK, and RPL18, related to developmental stages; RPS3 and RPL18 in larval tissues; EF1β and PGK in larvae feeding on different rice varieties; EF1α, EF1β, and PGK in larvae temperature treatments; PGK and RPL13, related to different adult ages; PGK, EF1α, and ACT, related to adult nutritional conditions; RPL18 and PGK, related to adult mating status; and, RPS3 and PGK, related to different adult take-off characteristics. Our results reveal reference genes that apply to various experimental conditions and will greatly improve the reliability of RT-qPCR analysis for the further study of gene function in this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junce Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengliang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Li J, Fu N, Ren L, Luo Y. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Monochamus saltuarius Under Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:882792. [PMID: 35547586 PMCID: PMC9082747 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A special mutual relationship exists between the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector beetles of genus Monochamus, which enables PWN to spread, at the same time provides longhorned beetles with more weak hosts. PWN are attracted to the pupal chambers and then carried inside the trachea of beetle adults, which is a necessary part to complete the B. xylophilus infection cycle. The growth and immune responses of the vector beetle will affect this carrying process, however, they were rarely studied in Monochamus saltuarius. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), one of the most common methods for quantitative gene expression analysis, was performed to explore the key genes and pathways involved in the growth, development and immune responses of M. saltuarius at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN and PWN treatment conditions. To enhance the accuracy of RT-qPCR data, the expression of target genes needs to be normalized with reference genes, which are stably expressed under varied experimental conditions. In our study, the stability of 14 candidate reference genes in M. saltuarius samples at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN or PWN treatment conditions was evaluated using delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder algorithms. Moreover, KLF gene was used to validate the stability of the selected reference genes. Under experimental conditions of this study, RPL7 and TER were suitable reference genes at different developmental stages associated with infection of PWN. RPL7 and RPS5 were considered the most stable reference genes in the pupae treated with PWN. RPS5 and SNX6 could be used as reference genes in the adults treated with PWN. RPL7, EF1-γ, and RPS5 could be used as stable reference genes in all the samples. This work is the first to evaluate reference genes in M. saltuarius, laying a foundation for further gene expression experimental procedures and understanding the phoretic relationship between M. saltuarius and B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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