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Adamaki-Sotiraki C, Abenaim L, Mannucci A, Rumbos CI, Bedini S, Castagna A, Conte G, Tognocchi M, Dolianitis V, Athanassiou CG, Conti B. Performance of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reared on organic waste diets and pupal chitin and chitosan yield. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37366-37375. [PMID: 38772995 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, much research has been oriented towards the influence of different food wastes and agricultural by-products on the final larval biomass and chemical composition of the insect species Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the possible relationship between the feeding substrate of H. illucens larvae and chitin. In this context, in the present study, larvae of H. illucens derived from two populations (i.e., UNIPI and UTH), were reared on different diets composed of fruits, vegetables, and meat. Based on the results, the larval survival was high for all diets tested. Larval growth in terms of weight gain, larval length, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) depended on the composition of each diet. The chitin and chitosan composition of larvae, reared on different substrates, did not reveal significant differences. Given the fact that the feeding substrate represent a significant cost in the industrial production of insects, its correlation with a high value product (i.e. chitosan) is important. On the other hand, as the prepupal stage of H. illucens is currently used as animal feed, the metabolization of chitin by farmed animals when the larvae or prepupae were offered as feed could have adverse effects. Thus, depending on the final product that is to be produced, industries could benefit from the establishment of a suitable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Adamaki-Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece.
| | - Linda Abenaim
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Mannucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Stefano Bedini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Tognocchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Victor Dolianitis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Tirtawijaya G, Lee JH, Bashir KMI, Lee HJ, Choi JS. Evaluating the Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae in Converting Mackerel Head Waste into Valuable Resources. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1332. [PMID: 38731333 PMCID: PMC11083610 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The seafood processing industry generates significant waste, including mackerel heads (MH), constituting 20-32% of total waste. This study explored the potential of utilizing MH as a feed source for black soldier fly larvae (BSF larvae). BSF larvae are known for their ability to efficiently convert organic materials into nutrient-rich biomass. Five concentrations of MH (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in chicken feed) were fed to BSF larvae for eight days. After harvesting, their growth, MH conversion efficiency, nutritional content, and heavy metals reduction potential were measured. BSF larvae showed optimal growth when fed with a feed containing 20% MH, resulting in a 14.36-fold increase in weight compared to the control group, as determined by the Fisher's Least Significant Difference Test. BSF larvae maintained a survival rate of 99.33%. With the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 2.09 at 20% MH, feed efficiency was improved by up to 65.15%, and feed reduction up to 73.53%. MH enhanced lipid and protein content in BSF larvae. Furthermore, BSF larvae in this study showed higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as other amino acids which are required for breeding animals. The current study highlights the potential of MH as a feed source for BSF larvae, improving nutritional biomass. It also suggests BSF larvae as an eco-friendly option for handling seafood processing waste and as an alternative feed source for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tirtawijaya
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60292, Indonesia;
| | - Jin-Hwa Lee
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (K.M.I.B.)
| | - Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (K.M.I.B.)
- German Engineering Research and Development Center for Life Science Technologies in Medicine and Environment, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (K.M.I.B.)
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Candian V, Meneguz M, Tedeschi R. Immune Responses of the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Reared on Catering Waste. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010213. [PMID: 36676162 PMCID: PMC9867232 DOI: 10.3390/life13010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), has a great bioconversion potential and ability to develop on diverse substrates. Although the use of catering waste and food by-products containing meat and fish would reduce the footprint of the insect sector, to date, in Europe, their use is still facing legal obstacles for insects as food and feed. Since a major request from the EU insect sector is to diversify the spectrum of allowed substrates, and considering that variations in diet composition could influence insect immune responses, we evaluated the impact of different catering wastes on BSF prepupae immunity. Insects were reared on five diets: one based on feed for laying hens and four based on catering waste containing (i) fruits and vegetables; (ii) fruits, vegetables and bread; (iii) fruit, vegetables, bread and dairy products; (iv) fruits, vegetables, bread, meat and fish. The gene expression of two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), one defensin and one cecropin, was assessed. Moreover, the hemolymph inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli DH5α and Micrococcus yunnanensis HI55 was evaluated using diffusion assays in solid media. The up-regulation of both AMPs' encoding genes was observed in insects fed a bread-added and dairy product-added diet. All hemolymph samples showed inhibitory activity against both bacteria, affecting the colony size and number. The obtained results show how catering waste positively influences the H. illucens immune system. The possibility of modulating AMP expression levels through the diet opens up new perspectives in the management of insect health in mass rearings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Candian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- BEF Biosystems, Via Tancredi Canonico 18/c, 10156 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Rosemarie Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6708675
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