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Eriksen NT. Metabolic performance and feed efficiency of black soldier fly larvae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1397108. [PMID: 38745846 PMCID: PMC11091318 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1397108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is used in entomoremediation processes because its larvae can use a variety of organic residues with high efficiency. However, feed efficiencies are variable and characterized by uncertainties. Recently developed growth and metabolic performance models have predicted across different studies that BSF larvae have used 53%-58% of the feed components they have assimilated, in terms of carbon equivalents, for growth throughout their lifetime when reared on chicken feed. This is termed their average net growth efficiency. The remainder of the carbon has been lost as CO2. However, mass balances made under similar conditions show that the weight gained by BSF larvae corresponds to only 14%-48% of the feed substrates removed, indicating substrate conversion efficiency. Both performance indicators show even greater variability if more feed substrates are considered. Feed assimilation and growth rates, costs of growth, maintenance, and larval lifespan have been shown to affect how efficiently BSF larvae convert feed into growth. The differences between average net growth efficiencies and substrate conversion efficiencies further indicate that feed is often not used optimally in entomoremediation processes and that the overall yield of such processes is not determined by larval performance alone but is the result of processes and interactions between larvae, substrates, microbes, and their physical environment. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how quantification of the metabolic performance of BSF larvae can help improve our understanding of the role of the larvae in entomoremediation processes.
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Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hiramatsu K, Tomberlin JK, Luza D, Lohakare J. Flight toward Sustainability in Poultry Nutrition with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38338153 PMCID: PMC10854853 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have emerged as a promising feed ingredient in broiler chicken diets, known for their high protein content, nutritional richness, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the effects of integrating BSFL into broiler feeds, focusing on aspects such as growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological responses, and immune health. The ability of BSFL to transform waste into valuable biomass rich in proteins and lipids underscores their efficiency and ecological benefits. Protein levels in BSFL can range from 32% to 53%, varying with growth stage and diet, offering a robust source of amino acids essential for muscle development and growth in broilers. While the chitin in BSFL poses questions regarding digestibility, the overall impact on nutrient utilization is generally favorable. The inclusion of BSFL in diets has been shown to enhance growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass quality in broilers, with the larvae's balanced amino acid profile being particularly advantageous for muscle development. BSFL may also support gut health and immunity in broilers due to its bioactive components, potentially influencing the gut's microbial composition and enhancing nutrient absorption and overall health. Moreover, the capacity of BSFL to efficiently convert organic waste into protein highlights their role as an environmentally sustainable protein source for broiler nutrition. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of BSFL, ideal inclusion rates, and the impact of varying larval diets and rearing conditions. It is crucial for poultry producers to consult nutritionists and comply with local regulations when incorporating new feed ingredients like BSFL into poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Daylan Luza
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
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Shao M, Zhao X, Rehman KU, Cai M, Zheng L, Huang F, Zhang J. Synergistic bioconversion of organic waste by black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae and thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1288227. [PMID: 38268703 PMCID: PMC10806183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1288227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines the optimum conversion of Wuzhishan pig manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) at various phases of development, as well as the impact of gut microbiota on conversion efficiency. Method and results In terms of conversion efficiency, BSFL outperformed the growing pig stage (GP) group, with significantly higher survival rates (96.75%), fresh weight (0.23 g), and larval conversion rate (19.96%) compared to the other groups. Notably, the GP group showed significant dry matter reductions (43.27%) and improved feed conversion rates (2.17). Nutritional composition varied, with the GP group having a lower organic carbon content. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed unique profiles, with the GP group exhibiting an excess of Lactobacillus and Clostridium. Promising cellulose-degrading bacteria in pig manure and BSFL intestines, including Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, showed superior cellulose degradation capabilities. The synergy of these thermophilic bacteria with BSFL greatly increased conversion efficiency. The BSFL1-10 group demonstrated high growth and conversion efficiency under specific conditions, with remarkable larval moisture content (71.11%), residual moisture content (63.20%), and waste reduction rate (42.28%). Discussion This study sheds light on the optimal stages for BSFL conversion of pig manure, gut microbiota dynamics, promising thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria, and the significant enhancement of efficiency through synergistic interactions. These findings hold great potential for sustainable waste management and efficient biomass conversion, contributing to environmental preservation and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Shao
- Institute of Tropical Agricultural Technology, Hainan Vocational University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Minmin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Taufek NM, Mohamad Zulkifli NFN, Hamizah AN. Upcycling of food waste generated from the fresh market by utilising black soldier fly larvae: Influence on growth, bioconversion, and nutritional composition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119467. [PMID: 37976636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed to limit environmental effect and optimise resource use as food waste generation rises worldwide. This study investigates the potential of upcycling food waste from fresh markets using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable approach. This study explored four fresh market food waste substrates for BSFL bioconversion: discarded fish waste (FI), slaughtered chicken waste (CHI), vegetable waste (VEG), and a 1:1:1 combination of all three (MIX). Soybean curd residue (SCR) was treated as the control substrate. The effects on larval growth, nutritional content, and waste bioconversion rates were examined. The larvae growth rate was strongly impacted by waste type, with BSF-fed CHI and MIX gaining 18.0 and 16.7 mg/d, respectively, followed by BSF-fed with SCR (12.2 mg/d), FI (8.9 mg/d) and VEG (7.6 mg/d). The waste type did not substantially alter BSFL length. The survival rate of the BSFL fed with the food waste studied ranges from 95 to 98.47%, with SCR being the highest. Our findings indicated that BSFL can effectively convert a variety of fresh market food waste into valuable biomass. CHI waste produced the highest larval biomass and bioconversion rate followed by MIX, SCR, FI and VEG. The different waste stream has a major influence on BSFL biomass nutrition. BSFL nutritional composition is independent of the substrate's nutritional content, indicating no direct correlation between substrate and BSFL biomass nutritional composition. SCR waste produced the highest protein content of BSFL (50.49%), followed by VEG (32.61%), MIX (32.57%), FI (31.03%) and CHI (29.06%). SCR waste also produced BSFL biomass with lowest lipid content (26.55%) compared to other waste which resulted into BSFL with lipid levels ranging from 42.92% to 53.72%. BSFL-fed with SCR is the most suitable to be used as an alternative animal's feed based on the protein and lipid levels, while defatting procedure is necessary for the other waste-fed BSFL to render it suitability as animal feed alternatives. Based on bioconversion rate, BSFL growth, and lipid content, the MIX and CHI waste might be viable substrates for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhidayah Mohd Taufek
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ladang Mini, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Fatin Najihah Mohamad Zulkifli
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ladang Mini, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazri Hamizah
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hosseindoust A, Ha SH, Mun JY, Kim JS. Quality Characteristics of Black Soldier Flies Produced by Different Substrates. INSECTS 2023; 14:500. [PMID: 37367316 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) has a high capacity for amino acids and fatty acid accumulation. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of tofu by-products, food waste, and vegetables for BSF growth and conversion efficiency. BSFs under tofu by-product treatments showed the greatest weight at d 12 and the harvest period. Moreover, BSF larval weight was greater in the food waste treatment compared with the vegetable treatment at d 12 and harvest. The larva yield result was greater in the vegetable treatment compared with the tofu by-product. The bioconversion rate was higher in the tofu by-product treatment compared with the food waste and vegetable treatments. The protein conversion rate and lipid conversion rate were the highest in the vegetable treatment. The protein yield and lipid yield were greatest in the tofu by-product treatment. The lauric acid content was increased in BSFs fed tofu by-products compared with the food waste treatment. The concentration of C16:1 was the highest in the tofu by-product treatment. The content of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid was higher in BSFs fed tofu by-products compared with the vegetable treatment. In conclusion, the tofu by-products show benefits for larval growth and nutrient accumulation, which can improve larval quality for livestock feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Peng X, Liu J, Li B, Wang S, Chen B, Zhang D. An Acyl Carrier Protein Gene Affects Fatty Acid Synthesis and Growth of Hermetia illucens. INSECTS 2023; 14:300. [PMID: 36975985 PMCID: PMC10052031 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an acyl carrier in fatty acid synthesis and is an important cofactor of fatty acid synthetase. Little is known about ACP in insects and how this protein may modulate the composition and storage of fatty acids. We used an RNAi-assisted strategy to study the potential function of ACP in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). We identified a HiACP gene with a cDNA length of 501 bp and a classical conserved region of DSLD. This gene was highly expressed in the egg and late larval instars and was most abundant in the midgut and fat bodies of larvae. Injection of dsACP significantly inhibited the expression level of HiACP and further regulated the fatty acid synthesis in treated H. illucens larvae. The composition of saturated fatty acids was reduced, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) was increased. After interfering with HiACP, the cumulative mortality of H. illucens increased to 68.00% (p < 0.05). H. illucens growth was greatly influenced. The development duration increased to 5.5 days, the average final body weights of larvae and pupae were decreased by 44.85 mg and 14.59 mg, respectively, and the average body lengths of larvae and pupae were significantly shortened by 3.09 mm and 3.82 mm, respectively. The adult eclosion rate and the oviposition of adult females were also severely influenced. These results demonstrated that HiACP regulates fatty acid content and influences multiple biological processes of H. illucens.
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