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Bhagat D, Manzoor A, Mahajan A, Sanjeev UK, Sharma B, Krishnamoorthy P, Samuel DK, Sushil S. Nature to Nurture: Chitosan nanopowder a natural carbohydrate polymer choice of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20724. [PMID: 37867881 PMCID: PMC10585235 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring linear biopolymer made of partially deacetylated acetyl and N-acetyl glucosamine. Its biocompatible physiochemical and biochemical properties are unmatched. Chitosan is transformed to nanopowder for use in agriculture and associated industries as nanocarriers for existing agrochemicals, ensuring the delayed release of chemicals with better solubility. Chitosan nanopowder applied to leaves or soil can activate a plant's natural defences against insects and pathogens. These studies were carried out because there is a potential for toxicological risk linked with products created utilizing nanotechnology, such as chitosan nanopowder, and therefore researchers felt the need to investigate this. The egg parasitoides Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead was used as a low-cost biomarker to determine the potential toxicity of chitosan nanopowder. This study looked into the possibility that the adult stage of the egg parasitoids, Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead might be negatively impacted by chitosan nanopowder (80-100 nm). Unpaired t-test statistical analysis has been carried out. According to the statistical analysis, host eggs exposed to chitosan nanopowder showed noticeably greater parasitization than the control group. As a natural supply of carbohydrate polymers chitosan nanopowder promotes the parasitization of T. Japonicum. The findings showed that T. Japonicum favoured chitosan nanopowder. Through Y dual choice, eight-arm multiple choice, and no-choice olfactometer experiments, as well as images from a stereozoom microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the data was thoroughly supported. Future agricultural applications of chitosan nanopowder will benefit from a deeper understanding of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhagat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H & A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Aamina Manzoor
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H & A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Chatha, 180009, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H & A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Chatha, 180009, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Umesh Kumar Sanjeev
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H & A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - B.C. Sharma
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Chatha, 180009, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, P.B. No.6450, Yelahanka, 5600064, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Duleep Kumar Samuel
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Haserghatta Lake Post, IIHR Main Road, Ivar, Kandapura, 560089, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S.N. Sushil
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H & A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
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Kong XX, Tang R, Liao CM, Wang J, Dai K, Tang Z, Han RC, Jin YL, Cao L. A novel volatile deterrent from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes fortifies field performances of nematodes against fall armyworm larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105286. [PMID: 36464339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The core elements of entomopathogenic nematode toxicity towards the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda are associated with symbiotic bacteria. These microbes provide independent control effects and are reported to have repellency to insect pests. However, the ecological background of this nematode-bacteria-insect communication module is elusive. This work aims to identify key chemical cues which drive the trophic interactions through olfactory reception of S. frugiperda, and to inspire implementations with these isolated behavioral regulators in the corn field. A total of 657 volatiles were found within 13 symbiotic bacterial strains, and five of them induced significant electrophysiological responses of S. frugiperda larvae. 2-Hexynoic acid was demonstrated to exhibit a dominant role in deterring S. frugiperda larvae from feeding and localization. Field implementations with this novel volatile deterrent have resulted in fortified nematode applications. 2-Hexynoic acid acts as an excellent novel deterrent and presents remarkable application potential against fall armyworm larvae. Emissions from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes are key players in chemical communication among insects, nematodes, and microbes. The olfactory perceptions and molecular targets for this volatile are worthy of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xin Kong
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Can-Ming Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Kang Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zi Tang
- Huadu Agricultural Technology Management Centre, Guangzhou 510813, China
| | - Ri-Chou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yong-Ling Jin
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Yan ZC, Hua HQ, Qi GY, Li YX. Early Detection and Identification of Parasitoid Wasps Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Their Host Eggs Using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1095-1101. [PMID: 35746894 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are invaluable agents in pest biological control. Early detection and identification of parasitoid immatures are vital in characterizing parasitoid-host interactions and for evaluating parasitism rates accurately in the field. Trichogramma is the most widely used parasitoid wasp, and several studies have been performed for its molecular identification. However, those studies were mainly focused on Trichogramma adults and rarely on immatures. Here, we report a method to detect and identify Trichogramma larvae in their host eggs. We designed a pair of Trichogramma-specific primers that amplified Trichogramma mtCOI sequences from Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs parasitized by any of eight Trichogramma species tested but not from nonparasitized eggs of four lepidopteran hosts. This PCR method reliably detected Trichogramma immatures in parasitized eggs as early as 1 h after parasitism. We further developed an RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) assay using restriction enzymes SspI and VspI to differentiate eight Trichogramma species at their immature stage. Overall, we developed a sensitive and reliable PCR-RFLP method to detect and identify immature-stage Trichogramma in their lepidopteran hosts. This method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trichogramma in insectaries and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Qing Hua
- Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, 460 Wenchang, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Qi
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhu W, Wang J, Zhang Y. The Mechanism of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance and Detoxification in Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6651453. [PMID: 35903824 PMCID: PMC9334689 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, an egg parasitoid of Grapholita molesta, is a critical agent for biological control of insect pests in crop plants. However, the efficiency of T. chilonis is influenced by its resistance to the common pesticide chlorantraniliprole. To elucidate the chlorantraniliprole detoxification mechanism, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorantraniliprole resistance were studied at different developmental stages of the wasp. Individuals of T. chilonis were grouped and treated with chlorantraniliprole at different developmental stages. Untreated wasps were used as controls. Transcriptomic analysis identified the DEGs associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance and detoxification in T. chilonis. A total of 1,483 DEGs were associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance at all developmental stages. DEGs that correlated with chlorantraniliprole sensitivity of T. chilonis at different developmental stages were distinct and had various functions. The newly identified DEGs are involved in cytochrome P450- and glutathione metabolism-related pathways, which were predicted to contribute to chlorantraniliprole detoxification. Chlorantraniliprole detoxification by T. chilonis was associated with cytochrome P450- and glutathione-related pathways. Our findings may be useful for balancing chemical and biological control practices aimed to optimize agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Xie LC, Jin LH, Lu YH, Xu HX, Zang LS, Tian JC, Lu ZX. Resistance of Lepidopteran Egg Parasitoids, Trichogramma japonicum and Trichogramma chilonis, to Insecticides Used for Control of Rice Planthoppers. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:446-454. [PMID: 35039850 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichogramma wasps are commonly used as biocontrol agents to manage lepidopteran rice pests in rice fields. However, lepidopteran pests synergistically occur with rice planthoppers which are not targeted by Trichogramma. The use of Trichogramma parasitoids in field-based pest control efforts is greatly affected by the application of insecticides targeting planthoppers. As such, insecticide-resistant strains of Trichogramma are urgently needed for the incorporation of these beneficial natural enemies into integrated pest management programs in rice agroecosystems. In the present study, Trichogramma japonicum Ahmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammitidae) and Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammitidae) were treated with sublethal doses of four insecticides which target rice planthoppers, to generate tolerant strains in the laboratory. The resistance rate of T. japonicum to imidacloprid was the highest (17.8-folds) after 10 successive treatments and experienced 2.5, 4.72, and 7.41-fold increases in tolerance to thiamethoxam, buprofezin, and nitenpyram, respectively. Tolerance of T. chilonis to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin, and nitenpyram were 8.8, 6.9, 4.43, and 5.67-fold greater, respectively. The emergence and deformity (without spreading wings or short wings) rates of T. japonicum and T. chilonis gradually recovered with an increased exposure time of treatments. The fecundity of T. japonicum treated with thiamethoxam was significantly higher than that of the control and T. chilonis treated with thiamethoxam and nitenpyra. Our results demonstrate that screening for insecticide-tolerant/resistant Trichogramma strains was feasible, especially in the pairing of T. japonicum and imidacloprid, which could provide a valuable biological control tool that can be combined with traditional chemical control strategies for use in IPM of rice agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Cheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin-Hong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun-Ce Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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G. BG, Pandi G. GP, Ullah F, Patil NB, Sahu M, Adak T, Pokhare S, Yadav MK, Mahendiran A, Mittapelly P, Desneux N, Rath PC. Performance of Trichogramma japonicum under field conditions as a function of the factitious host species used for mass rearing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256246. [PMID: 34411169 PMCID: PMC8375968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different factitious hosts were used to mass rear Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead in different parts of the globe because thorough details were lacking in both the laboratory and the field. The objective of this study was to compare, parasitoid, T. japonicum reared in different factitious hosts. Three commonly used factitious host eggs, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Sitotroga cerealella Olivier were tested under laboratory conditions and then in the field over a yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulus (Walker) of rice. The highest parasitism by T. japonicum was observed on E. kuehniella eggs. The parasitoid’s highest emergence (88.99%) was observed on S. cerealella eggs at 24 h exposure, whereas at 48 h it was on E. kuehniella eggs (94.66%). Trichogramma japonicum females that emerged from E. kuehniella eggs were significantly long-lived. The days of oviposition by hosts and the host species were significant individually, but not their interaction. Higher proportions of flying T. japonicum were observed when reared on E. kuehniella and C. cephalonica eggs. Field results showed that T. japonicum mass-reared on E. kuehniella showed higher parasitism of its natural host, S. incertulus eggs. Hence, by considering these biological characteristics and field results, E. kuehniella could be leveraged for the mass rearing of quality parasitoids of T. japonicum in India, the Asian continent and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basana Gowda G.
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveenkumar B. Patil
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Sahu
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Totan Adak
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Somnath Pokhare
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Annamalai Mahendiran
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | | | - Prakash Chandra Rath
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Takahashi TA, Nishimura G, Querino RB, Foerster LA. An Integrative Taxonomy of a New Species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with High Reproductive Capacity. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:90-99. [PMID: 33501636 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is described: Trichogramma foersteri sp. nov. Takahashi from eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a major soybean defoliating pest. The parasitoid was collected in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil, and molecular and morphological characters were used to confirm the identity of the new species. Preliminary biological data are provided to demonstrate its high capacity of parasitism. The new species is a potential candidate as a biological control agent against some lepidopteran-pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A Takahashi
- Depto de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Nishimura
- Depto de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ranyse B Querino
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Inovação e Negócios, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Luís A Foerster
- Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Yang Y, Wang C, Xu H, Tian J, Lu Z. Response of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Insecticides at Concentrations Sublethal to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:646-653. [PMID: 31807775 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are important parasitoids of Lepidopteran pests and are used for biological control in rice fields. In this study, the response of two of these parasitoids to four insecticides (chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and spinosad) were evaluated at target sublethal concentrations (TSC10 and TSC25, representing the LC10 and LC25 to the target pest) of the important rice pest, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Each of the insecticides led to the mortality of adult T. japonicum and T. dendrolimi at TSC10 and TSC25, whereas no significant differences in the mortality of T. japonicum between TSC10 of chlorantraniliprole and control groups occurred. The parasitic capacity increased at F0 of T. japonicum at the two TSCs of spinosad treated host eggs, whereas the TSC10 was lower for emamectin benzoate at F1 for T. japonicum. The TSCs of chlorpyrifos treated host eggs negatively influenced the emergence rates of T. japonicum at F1. Emamectin benzoate with TSC10 reduced the female ratio of T. japonicum at F1. For T. dendrolimi, the TSCs of chlorpyrifos treated host eggs negatively influenced the emergence rates at F1. These findings indicate that T. japonicum and T. dendrolimi are affected by insecticides at TSCs, and among the four insecticides, chlorantraniliprole had the lowest mortality rates for T. japonicum and T. dendrolimi at TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junce Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Impact Assessment of Biological Control-Based Integrated Pest Management in Rice and Maize in the Greater Mekong Subregion. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10080226. [PMID: 31366119 PMCID: PMC6723913 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact and sustainability of two interventions that have been formulated to introduce integrated pest management (IPM) into rice and maize crops in Southwestern China, Laos, and Myanmar between 2011 and 2016, and were assessed at the end of 2017. From 22 Trichogramma rearing facilities established during the interventions, 11 were still producing substantial quantities of biocontrol agents 1.5 years after project support had ended, while seven had stopped operations completely, and four were doing stock rearing only. Through the implementation of biological control-based IPM, slightly higher yields were achieved in maize and rice (4–10%), when compared to control farmers, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the use of pesticides nearly halved when farmers started using Trichogramma egg-cards as a biological control agent. Support from either public or private institutions was found to be important for ensuring the sustainability of Trichogramma rearing facilities. Many of the suggested IPM measures were not adopted by smallholder farmers, indicating that the positive impacts of the interventions mostly resulted from the application of Trichogramma biological control agents. The following assessment suggests that further promotion of IPM adoption among farmers is needed to upscale the already positive effects of interventions that facilitate reductions in synthetic pesticide use, and the effects on sustainable agricultural production of rice and maize in the target area more generally.
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