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Wen T, Li JH, Wang Q, Gao YY, Hao GF, Song BA. Thermal imaging: The digital eye facilitates high-throughput phenotyping traits of plant growth and stress responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165626. [PMID: 37481085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotyping is important for plants to cope with environmental changes and ensure plant health. Imaging techniques are perceived as the most critical and reliable tools for studying plant phenotypes. Thermal imaging has opened up new opportunities for nondestructive imaging of plant phenotyping. However, a comprehensive summary of thermal imaging in plant phenotyping is still lacking. Here we discuss the progress and future prospects of thermal imaging for assessing plant growth and stress responses. First, we classify thermal imaging into ground-based and aerial platforms based on their adaptability to different experimental environments (including laboratory, greenhouse, and field). It is convenient to collect phenotypic information of different dimensions. Second, in order to enhance the efficiency of thermal image processing, automatic algorithms based on deep learning are employed instead of traditional manual methods, greatly reducing the time cost of experiments. Considering its ease of implementation, handling and instant response, thermal imaging has been widely used in research on environmental stress, crop yield, and seed vigor. We have found that thermal imaging can detect thermal energy dissipation caused by living organisms (e.g., pests, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes), enabling early disease diagnosis. It also recognizes changes leaf surface temperatures resulting from reduced transpiration rates caused by nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, or freezing. Furthermore, thermal imaging predicts crop yield under different water states and forecasts the viability of dormant seeds after water absorption by monitoring temperature changes in the seeds. This work will assist biologists and agronomists in studying plant phenotypes and serve a guide for breeders to develop high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and superior crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jian-Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Bao-An Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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Williams TB, Dodd IC, Sobeih WY, Paul ND. Ultraviolet radiation causes leaf warming due to partial stomatal closure. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab066. [PMID: 35043163 PMCID: PMC8944299 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variation in solar ultraviolet radiation induces a wide-range of plant responses from the cellular to whole-plant scale. We demonstrate here for the first time that partial stomatal closure caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure results in significant increases in leaf temperature. Significant leaf warming in response to ultraviolet radiation was consistent in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) across different experimental approaches. In field experiments where solar ultraviolet radiation was attenuated using filters, exposure to ultraviolet radiation significantly decreased stomatal conductance and increased leaf temperature by up to 1.5°C. Using fluorescent lamps to provide ultraviolet radiation treatments, smaller but significant increases in leaf temperature due to decreases in stomatal conductance occurred in both multi-day controlled environment growth room experiments and short-term (< 2 hours) climate cabinet irradiance response experiments. We show that leaf warming due to partial stomatal closure is independent of any direct warming effects of ultraviolet radiation manipulations. We discuss the implications of ultraviolet radiation-induced warming both for horticultural crop production and understanding broader plant responses to ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom B Williams
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Wagdy Y Sobeih
- Arid Agritec Ltd. Gordon Manley Building, Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Pincebourde S, Ngao J. The Impact of Phloem Feeding Insects on Leaf Ecophysiology Varies With Leaf Age. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625689. [PMID: 34335637 PMCID: PMC8322987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore insects have strong impacts on leaf gas exchange when feeding on the plant. Leaf age also drives leaf gas exchanges but the interaction of leaf age and phloem herbivory has been largely underexplored. We investigated the amplitude and direction of herbivore impact on leaf gas exchange across a wide range of leaf age in the apple tree-apple green aphid (Aphis pomi) system. We measured the gas exchange (assimilation and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration) of leaves infested versus non-infested by the aphid across leaf age. For very young leaves up to 15 days-old, the gas exchange rates of infested leaves were similar to those of non-infested leaves. After few days, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate increased in infested leaves up to about the age of 30 days, and gradually decreased after that age. By contrast, gas exchanges in non-infested leaves gradually decreased across leaf age such that they were always lower than in infested leaves. Aphids were observed on relatively young leaves up to 25 days and despite the positive effect on leaf photosynthesis and leaf performance, their presence negatively affected the growth rate of apple seedlings. Indeed, aphids decreased leaf dry mass, leaf surface, and leaf carbon content except in old leaves. By contrast, aphids induced an increase in leaf nitrogen content and the deviation relative to non-infested leaves increased with leaf age. Overall, the impacts of aphids at multiple levels of plant performance depend on leaf age. While aphids cause an increase in some leaf traits (gas exchanges and nitrogen content), they also depress others (plant growth rate and carbon content). The balance between those effects, as modulated by leaf age, may be the key for herbivory mitigation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Ngao
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 Persists after Spraying and Controls Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Colletotrichum acutatum (Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae) in Pepper. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070631. [PMID: 34357291 PMCID: PMC8305230 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum cause significant losses in a wide variety of crops. To efficiently protect their crops, farmers use chemical pesticides, but this kind of practice is not sustainable because of its negative effects on the environment. This study suggests an environmentally friendly method such as the use of the endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 in pepper plants. Suspension of the endophytic fungus (EF) was sprayed on plants under cage while those same leaves were sampled and assessed under laboratory conditions. The EF can both penetrate inside the leaf tissues and survive on the surface of the leaf after five weeks. The suspension showed an evident insecticidal efficiency against M. persicae and a lower one against C. acutatum. Therefore, its antifungal efficiency against C. acutatum was not correlated with weather patterns. Authors recommend I. javanica pf185 as a potential biocontrol agent against M. persicae and C. acutatum. Abstract This study endeavored to sustainably control aphids and anthracnose after spraying endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 under field conditions. Under two different tents; one batch of seedlings was sprayed with a 107 conidia/mL I. javanica pf185 suspension; while another was sprayed with 0.05% Tween 80® in distilled water. Six leaf discs from the top; middle; and bottom part of the plant canopy were weekly collected and placed on moistened filter paper in a Petri dish for insecticidal and antifungal bioassays against Myzus persicae and Colletotrichum acutatum. Differences were noticed from the 18th day after spraying with mortality (86.67 ± 0.57% versus 36.67 ± 0.64%) and leaf damage (13.45 ± 0.03% versus 41.18 ± 0.06%) on fungus-treated and controlled, respectively. The corrected insecticidal efficacy was 20.43, 39.82, 72.32, 66.43 and 70.04%, while the corrected fungicidal efficacy was 26.07, 38.01, 53.35, 29.08 and 41.81% during five successive weeks. A positive correlation was evident between insecticidal efficacy and relative humidity (r2 = 0.620) and temperature (r2 = 0.424), respectively. No correlation was found between antifungal activity and relative humidity (r2 = 0.061) and temperature (r2 = 0), respectively. The entomopathogenic fungus survived on leaf surface area and in tissues after spraying.
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Pincebourde S, Dillon ME, Woods HA. Body size determines the thermal coupling between insects and plant surfaces. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS ‐ Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology & Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
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When insect pests build their own thermal niche: The hot nest of the pine processionary moth. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102947. [PMID: 34016364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature strongly drives physiological and ecological processes in ectotherms. While many species rely on behavioural thermoregulation to avoid thermal extremes, others build structures (nests) that confer a shelter against climate variability and extremes. However, the microclimate inside nests remains unknown for most insects. We investigated the thermal environment inside the nest of a temperate winter-developing insect species, the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Gregarious larvae collectively build a silken nest at the beginning of the cold season. We tested the hypothesis that it provides a warmer microenvironment to larvae. First, we monitored temperature inside different types of nests varying in the number of larvae inside. Overall, nest temperature was positively correlated to global radiation and air temperature. At noon, when global radiation was maximal, nest temperature exceeded air temperature by up to 11.2-16.5 °C depending on nest type. In addition, thermal gradients of amplitude from 6.85 to 15.5 °C were observed within nests, the upper part being the warmest. Second, we developed a biophysical model to predict temperature inside PPM nests based on heat transfer equations and to explain this important temperature excess. A simple model version accurately predicted experimental measurements, confirming that nest temperature is driven mainly by radiation load. Finally, the model showed that nest temperature increases at the same rate as air temperature change. We conclude that some pest insects already live in warm microclimates by building their own sheltering nest. This effect should be considered when studying the impact of climate change on phenology and distribution.
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Pobożniak M, Gaborska M, Wójtowicz T. Resistance and tolerance of ten carrot cultivars to the hawthorn-carrot aphid, Dysaphis crataegi Kalt., in Poland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247978. [PMID: 33651829 PMCID: PMC7924882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage caused to cultivated carrots by the hawthorn-carrot aphid,
Dysaphis crataegi Kalt. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of
the factors limiting carrot production in Poland. Planting resistant and
tolerant cultivars could reduce yield losses due to the damage caused by this
pest. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance and/or tolerance of 10
carrot genotypes to hawthorn-carrot aphid. Their field resistance was determined
under field conditions based on five indicators, namely, mean number of alates
(migrants) per plant and mean percentage of plants colonized by them, mean
seasonal number of aphids per plant, mean number of aphids per plant and mean
percentage of infested plants at peak abundance. Antibiosis experiments were
conducted under laboratory conditions and pre-reproductive, reproductive time,
fertility, and demographic parameters, represented by the net reproduction rate
(Ro), intrinsic rate of
increase (rm) and mean generation
time (T), were calculated. Five cultivars, Afro F1,
Nipomo F1, Samba F1, White Satin F1, and
Yellowstone showed field resistance. Antibiosis experiments revealed significant
differences among the carrot cultivars in the length of the reproductive period,
female fecundity in the time equal to the pre-reproduction time, and total
progeny of hawthorn-carrot aphid. The intrinsic rate of natural increase
(rm) for apterous aphids varied
significantly, ranging between 0.181 (Nipomo F1) and 0.343
females/female/day (White Satin F1). Additionally, the estimated net
reproductive rate (R0) was the lowest on Nipomo F1, and
this genotype was determined to be resistant. Our results suggest that a very
high density of trichomes on the leaf petioles (71.94 trichomes/cm2)
could adversely affect the feeding, bionomy, and demographic parameters of
hawthorn-carrot aphid on the cultivar Nipomo F1. In addition, Napa
F1 and Kongo F1 demonstrated high tolerance.
Considering all the results collectively, four genotypes, Afro F1,
Kongo F1, Napa F1 and Nipomo F1, were
relatively resistant/tolerant to the hawthorn-carrot aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pobożniak
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of
Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Małgorzata Gaborska
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of
Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, Faculty of
Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
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Ma CS, Ma G, Pincebourde S. Survive a Warming Climate: Insect Responses to Extreme High Temperatures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:163-184. [PMID: 32870704 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041520-074454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global change includes a substantial increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme high temperatures (EHTs), which influence insects at almost all levels. The number of studies showing the ecological importance of EHTs has risen in recent years, but the knowledge is rather dispersed in the contemporary literature. In this article, we review the biological and ecological effects of EHTs actually experienced in the field, i.e., when coupled to fluctuating thermal regimes. First, we characterize EHTs in the field. Then, we summarize the impacts of EHTs on insects at various levels and the processes allowing insects to buffer EHTs. Finally, we argue that the mechanisms leading to positive or negative impacts of EHTs on insects can only be resolved from integrative approaches considering natural thermal regimes. Thermal extremes, perhaps more than the gradual increase in mean temperature, drive insect responses to climate change, with crucial impacts on pest management and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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Pincebourde S, Woods HA. There is plenty of room at the bottom: microclimates drive insect vulnerability to climate change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:63-70. [PMID: 32777713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming impacts biological systems profoundly. Climatologists deliver predictions about warming amplitude at coarse scales. Nevertheless, insects are small, and it remains unclear how much of the warming at coarse scales appears in the microclimates where they live. We propose a simple method for determining the pertinent spatial scale of insect microclimates. Recent studies have quantified the ability of forest understory to buffer thermal extremes, but these microclimates typically are characterized at spatial scales much larger than those determined by our method. Indeed, recent evidence supports the idea that insects can be thermally adapted even to fine scale microclimatic patterns, which can be highly variable. Finally, we discuss how microhabitat surfaces may buffer or magnify the amplitude of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Wu C, Dong F, Chen X, Zhang T, Mei X, Ning J, She D. Spatial and temporal distribution, degradation, and metabolism of three neonicotinoid insecticides on different parts, especially pests' target feeding parts of apple tree. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2190-2197. [PMID: 31965754 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) have been recently banned in some countries because of increased pest resistance and deleterious risks to non-target organisms. Recent studies considered all parts of crops as a whole part in plant protection. However, there are few reports focused on the distribution and metabolic trends of NIs on target feeding sites of different pests in apple orchards. RESULTS The spatial and temporal distribution, absorption, degradation, and metabolism of three NIs, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam, on different parts of apple trees were studied under foliar spray and root irrigation treatments. In the spray treatment, the initial average concentration ratios (TCRs) were 31.6% for lower shoots, 23.3% for upper leaves, 23.2% for upper shoots, 21.0% for lower leaves, and 0.5% and 0.4% for upper and lower fruits, respectively. The average half-lives of the three NIs were 2.9 days for shoots, 7.4 days for leaves, and 10.8 days for fruits. The degradation rate of shoots was 2.5 times that of leaves, and 3.6 times that of fruits. Imidacloprid olefin and N-methyl acetamiprid were two of the main metabolites. In the root treatment, both roots and soils had high TCRs during the whole sampling period. Only imidacloprid was transmitted to above-ground parts of the plants, with TCRs of 0.38-50.94%. CONCLUSION This study found significant differences in spatial and temporal distribution, degradation, metabolism, and trends of NIs on different pest target sites of apple trees. The data obtained may help promote scientific control of target pests and evaluation of safety for non-target species in orchards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuye Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangdong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei She
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Reynolds M, Chapman S, Crespo-Herrera L, Molero G, Mondal S, Pequeno DNL, Pinto F, Pinera-Chavez FJ, Poland J, Rivera-Amado C, Saint Pierre C, Sukumaran S. Breeder friendly phenotyping. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 295:110396. [PMID: 32534615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The word phenotyping can nowadays invoke visions of a drone or phenocart moving swiftly across research plots collecting high-resolution data sets on a wide array of traits. This has been made possible by recent advances in sensor technology and data processing. Nonetheless, more comprehensive often destructive phenotyping still has much to offer in breeding as well as research. This review considers the 'breeder friendliness' of phenotyping within three main domains: (i) the 'minimum data set', where being 'handy' or accessible and easy to collect and use is paramount, visual assessment often being preferred; (ii) the high throughput phenotyping (HTP), relatively new for most breeders, and requiring significantly greater investment with technical hurdles for implementation and a steeper learning curve than the minimum data set; (iii) detailed characterization or 'precision' phenotyping, typically customized for a set of traits associated with a target environment and requiring significant time and resources. While having been the subject of debate in the past, extra investment for phenotyping is becoming more accepted to capitalize on recent developments in crop genomics and prediction models, that can be built from the high-throughput and detailed precision phenotypes. This review considers different contexts for phenotyping, including breeding, exploration of genetic resources, parent building and translational research to deliver other new breeding resources, and how the different categories of phenotyping listed above apply to each. Some of the same tools and rules of thumb apply equally well to phenotyping for genetic analysis of complex traits and gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Chapman
- CISRO Agriculture and Food, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Gemma Molero
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Mexico
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Abstract
The thermal limits of terrestrial ectotherms vary more locally than globally. Local microclimatic variations can explain this pattern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We show that cryptic microclimatic variations at the scale of a single leaf determine the thermal limit in a community of arthropod herbivores living on the same host plant. Herbivores triggering an increase in transpiration, thereby cooling the leaf, had a lower thermal limit than those decreasing leaf transpiration and causing the leaf to warm up. These subtle mechanisms have major consequences for the safety margin of these herbivores during thermal extremes. Our findings suggest that temperate species may be more vulnerable to heat waves than previously thought. The thermal limit of ectotherms provides an estimate of vulnerability to climate change. It differs between contrasting microhabitats, consistent with thermal ecology predictions that a species’ temperature sensitivity matches the microclimate it experiences. However, observed thermal limits may differ between ectotherms from the same environment, challenging this theory. We resolved this apparent paradox by showing that ectotherm activity generates microclimatic deviations large enough to account for differences in thermal limits between species from the same microhabitat. We studied upper lethal temperature, effect of feeding mode on plant gas exchange, and temperature of attacked leaves in a community of six arthropod species feeding on apple leaves. Thermal limits differed by up to 8 °C among the species. Species that caused an increase in leaf transpiration (+182%), thus cooling the leaf, had a lower thermal limit than those that decreased leaf transpiration (−75%), causing the leaf to warm up. Therefore, cryptic microclimatic variations at the scale of a single leaf determine the thermal limit in this community of herbivores. We investigated the consequences of these changes in plant transpiration induced by plant–insect feedbacks for species vulnerability to thermal extremes. Warming tolerance was similar between species, at ±2 °C, providing little margin for resisting increasingly frequent and intense heat waves. The thermal safety margin (the difference between thermal limit and temperature) was greatly overestimated when air temperature or intact leaf temperature was erroneously used. We conclude that feedback processes define the vulnerability of species in the phyllosphere, and beyond, to thermal extremes.
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