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Bhowmik W, Appasani B, Gorai A, Jha AKV, De BP, Samanta PK. A cross-shaped terahertz metamaterial absorber for brain cancer detection. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:055033. [PMID: 39142302 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad6f16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The article presents, for the first time, a terahertz metamaterial absorber (TMA) designed in the shape of a cross consisting of four orthogonally positioned horn-shaped patches in succession, to detect brain cancer cells. The design exhibits the property of mu-negative material, indicating magnetic resonance. The proposed TMA has achieved an impressive absorption rate of 99.43% at 2.334 THz and a high Q-factor of 47.15. The sensing capability has been investigated by altering the refractive index of the surrounding medium in the range of 1.3 to 1.48, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.502 THz/RIU. The proposed TMA exhibits complete polarization insensitivity, highlighting this as one of its advantageous features. The adequate sensing capability of the proposed TMA in differentiating normal and cancerous brain cells makes it a viable candidate for an early and efficient brain cancer detector. This research can be the foundation for future research on using THz radiation for brain cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bhowmik
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B Appasani
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - A Gorai
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - A K V Jha
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B P De
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P K Samanta
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Chen Y, Sun G, Wei J, Miao Y, Zhang W, Wu K, Wang Q. Ultrahigh-Q Polarization-Independent Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Using Pattern-Free Graphene for Sensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:605. [PMID: 38607139 PMCID: PMC11013051 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to noble metals, graphene exhibits significantly lower loss, especially useful for optical sensing applications that require ultrahigh Q factors, and offer wide range tunability via an adjustable Fermi level. However, precise graphene patterning is difficult, especially for large areas, severely limiting its applications. Here, a tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber (TMMA) with ultrahigh Q factors consisting of a continuous, pattern-free graphene is demonstrated. A graphene sheet is overlaid on an Al metal array, forming a structure that supports strong localized surface plasmon polaritons (LSPPs) with fields tightly confined in the graphene, minimizing loss. Theoretical results show that this TMMA exhibits an ultrahigh Q factor of 1730, a frequency sensitivity of 2.84 THz/RIU, and an excellent figure of merit (FoM) of 365.85 RIU-1, independent of polarization. A tunability from ~2.25 to ~3.25 THz is also achieved by tuning Ef of graphene from 0.3 to 0.7 eV. The proposed graphene-based TMMA holds many potential applications, particularly in the field of sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guotao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiang Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaiyu Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qingkang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.C.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.M.); (W.Z.)
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Mishu SJ, Rahman MA, Dhar N. Highly sensitive refractive index sensing with a dual-band optically transparent ITO-based perfect metamaterial absorber for biomedical applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26842. [PMID: 38562491 PMCID: PMC10982902 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a dual-band optically transparent square-shaped perfect metamaterial absorber operating in the frequency range from 2 to 4 terahertz (THz) is proposed. The structure consists of an indium tin oxide (ITO)-based split ring resonator (SRR) structure with additional splits and rectangular inner strips to form the top layer over the lead glass substrate. Perfect absorption is attained in the frequencies of 2.089 and 3.892 THz with absorbances of 99.99% and 99.98% in TE polarization mode, respectively. Perfect absorption is also achieved in TM polarization mode at 2.23 THz. Broadband absorption is found in TM polarization mode with full width half maximum (FWHM) of 1.1742. The proposed structure has one polarization-insensitive band in TE polarization mode. Absorbance is greater than 80% and 90% in the successive absorption peaks even at 60° and 75° of incidence, respectively. The resonance frequency is sensitive to the refractive index of the medium. As a result, the proposed metamaterial structure may be implemented as a refractive index (RI) sensor with a high sensitivity of 1109 GHz/RIU and 1954 GHz/RIU in both absorption bands for a refractive index range of 1.34 to 1.40. It's interesting to note that the refractive index of most biological samples ranges from 1.3 to 1.39. The figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed sensor can reach as high as 10 and 14 for the 1st and 2nd frequency bands. As a result, the proposed sensor has a high sensitivity and can be employed in medical applications. Potential applications of the proposed absorber include imaging, biomedical sensing, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaia Jahan Mishu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Asad Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh
| | - Nipa Dhar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh
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Anwar S, Khan M. High-performance terahertz refractive index sensor for cancer cells detection. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:19. [PMID: 36952098 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial absorbers in the terahertz region are highly desirable in sensing and detection. In this work, a novel terahertz refractive index sensor based on metamaterial absorber for sensing biomedical samples is reported. The proposed structure consists of three asymmetrical metallic resonators made of gold placed above on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) dielectric layer. Due to high-intensity field confinement in the sensing regime, four resonance modes with nearly 100% absorption are achieved with a high Q-factor of 456.5 in the absorption spectra. The design absorber is highly sensitive to the change of refractive index of the surrounding medium. Furthermore, the proposed sensor exhibits extremely high sensitivity of 1.87 THz/RIU and high FOM of 125 RIU-1 in the refractive index range from 1.35 to 1.39 with fixed analyte thickness of 45 µm. The design RI sensor can be fitted for biomedical sensing applications such sensing and detection of various cancerous cell as the RI varied in the range of 1.35-1.39. In addition, the design sensor has the ability to sense early stage infection of cancer cells with any of its four absorption bands due to its high quality factor, high sensitivity and high figure of merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Anwar
- Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar (Chartered University), Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Maaz Khan
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
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Wang D, Xu KD, Luo S, Cui Y, Zhang L, Cui J. A high Q-factor dual-band terahertz metamaterial absorber and its sensing characteristics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3398-3407. [PMID: 36722909 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05820k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a dual-band metamaterial absorber in the terahertz frequencies is proposed and its refractive index sensing characteristics is analyzed. The metamaterial structure is designed using a square metal ring with four T-shaped strips loaded outside of the ring, where the metal periodic array is on top of a silicon wafer backed with a metal ground plane. The resonant frequencies of the absorber are at 0.89 and 1.36 THz, whose absorption rates are both over 99% under normal TE and TM polarized incidences. The full widths at half maximum of them are 4.4 and 11.2 GHz, respectively, resulting in high quality factors (Q-factors) for these two frequency bands. The absorption rate of the absorber remains stable as the incident and polarized angles are changed. Several proposed metamaterial absorbers are experimentally fabricated and electron beam lithography (EBL) technology is employed. Good measurement results of the dual-band absorption performance are obtained using a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system based on photoconductive antennas. Furthermore, the metamaterial absorber also shows sensing properties for analytes with different refractive indices or thicknesses. This work provides a new choice for the design of high-Q dual-band terahertz metamaterial absorbers and their application to refractive index sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kai-Da Xu
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siyuan Luo
- Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianlei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Wang D, Xu KD, Luo S, Cui Y, Zhang L, Liao Z, Cui J. Dual-band terahertz absorber based on square ring metamaterial structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5940-5950. [PMID: 36823863 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a dual-band terahertz absorber based on metamaterial structure is designed, fabricated, and measured. The metal periodic array is located on the upper surface of a silicon wafer with a metal ground plane, while the metamaterial structure is created utilizing a square metal ring with four T-shaped metal strips loaded inside of the ring. Two absorption peaks are realized at 0.715 and 1.013 THz with high Q-factors of 152.1 and 98.3, respectively, under normal TE and TM polarized incidence. A prototype of the proposed metamaterial absorber is fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL) and electron beam evaporation (EBE) technology. Furthermore, a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) measurement system is employed to test the absorber sample, with good measurement results obtained. This work provides a new option for the design of multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorbers.
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Overview of Optical Biosensors for Early Cancer Detection: Fundamentals, Applications and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020232. [PMID: 36829508 PMCID: PMC9953566 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer detection and treatment methodologies are based on surgical, chemical and radiational processes, which are expensive, time consuming and painful. Therefore, great interest has been directed toward developing sensitive, inexpensive and rapid techniques for early cancer detection. Optical biosensors have advantages in terms of high sensitivity and being label free with a compact size. In this review paper, the state of the art of optical biosensors for early cancer detection is presented in detail. The basic idea, sensitivity analysis, advantages and limitations of the optical biosensors are discussed. This includes optical biosensors based on plasmonic waveguides, photonic crystal fibers, slot waveguides and metamaterials. Further, the traditional optical methods, such as the colorimetric technique, optical coherence tomography, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and reflectometric interference spectroscopy, are addressed.
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Zhang YG, Zhang R, Liang LJ, Yao HY, Yan X, Huang CC, Ying KH. Multifunctional terahertz absorber based on the Dirac semimetal and vanadium dioxide. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:813-819. [PMID: 36821288 DOI: 10.1364/ao.478846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a multifunctional terahertz (THz) absorber based on Dirac semimetal and vanadium dioxide (V O 2) is proposed. By modulating the temperature of V O 2, the absorber can be switched between the narrow band and wide band. When V O 2 is in the metallic state, the absorber has a broadband absorption effect with a bandwidth of approximately 4 THz. It has the advantages of insensitivity to polarization and wide-angle absorption. When V O 2 is in the insulating state, the absorber has two absorption peaks with absorptivity exceeding 90% and sensitivities of 297.7 and 402 GHz/RIU, and thus can be used as a highly sensitive sensor for cell detection. When the Fermi level of the Dirac semimetal is changed, the absorption characteristics can be modulated. The absorber has broad application prospects in multifunctional modulated devices.
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A New Design of a Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber for Gas Sensing Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterial absorbers are used in the terahertz frequency regime as photo-detectors, as sensing elements, in imaging applications, etc. Narrowband absorbers, on account of their ultra-slender bandwidth within the terahertz frequency spectrum, show a significant shift in the absorption peak when an extrinsic entity relative to the absorber, like refractive index or temperature of the encircling medium, is altered. This property paves the path for the narrowband absorbers to be used as potential sensors to detect any alterations in the encircling medium. In this paper, a novel design of a terahertz metamaterial (MTM) absorber is proposed, which can sense the variations in the refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium. The effective permeability of the structure is negative, while its permittivity is positive; thus, it is a μ-negative metamaterial. The layout involves a swastika-shaped design made of gold on top of a dielectric gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The proposed absorber achieved a nearly perfect absorption of 99.65% at 2.905 terahertz (THz), resulting in a quality factor (Q-factor) of 145.25. The proposed design has a sensitivity of 2.12 THz/RIU over a range of varied refractive index from n = 1.00 to n = 1.05 with a step size of 0.005, thereby achieving a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 106. Furthermore, the sensor was found to have a polarization-insensitive characteristic. Considering its high sensitivity (S), the proposed sensor was further tested for gas sensing applications of harmful gases. As a case study, the sensor was used to detect chloroform. The proposed work can be the foundation for developing highly sensitive gas sensors.
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