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Li L, Xi R, Gao B, Zeng Y, Ma Q, Gong T, Wang J. Research progress of autophagy in heart failure. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:1991-2000. [PMID: 38883358 PMCID: PMC11170578 DOI: 10.62347/obxq9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure poses a significant threat to global public health within the realm of cardiovascular diseases. Its pathological progression involves various alterations in cardiomyocytes, among which autophagy, a crucial intracellular degradation mechanism, plays a pivotal role. Autophagy facilitates the breakdown of damaged organelles and proteins, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the context of heart failure, autophagy coexists with apoptosis and necrosis, influencing myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. However, its impact on heart failure manifests a dual nature: moderate autophagy aids in cardiac repair, whereas excessive autophagy may exacerbate ventricular remodeling and cell demise. This review delves into the fundamental biology of autophagy, elucidating its involvement in the pathological cascade of heart failure and its correlation with cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. Furthermore, an analysis of the interplay between autophagy regulatory factors and heart failure sheds light on the potential therapeutic implications of autophagy in the prevention and management of heart failure. This exploration provides a theoretical foundation for novel treatment strategies in combating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingji Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine No. 103 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Ranran Xi
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 300 Shouchun Road, Luyang District, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine No. 103 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglei Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 300 Shouchun Road, Luyang District, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine No. 103 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Tiantian Gong
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine No. 103 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiac Hypertrophic and Pro-Remodelling Effects of Leptin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1137. [PMID: 38256208 PMCID: PMC10816997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in 1994, the adipokine leptin has received extensive interest as an important satiety factor and regulator of energy expenditure. Although produced primarily by white adipocytes, leptin can be synthesized by numerous tissues including those comprising the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular function can thus be affected by locally produced leptin via an autocrine or paracrine manner but also by circulating leptin. Leptin exerts its effects by binding to and activating specific receptors, termed ObRs or LepRs, belonging to the Class I cytokine family of receptors of which six isoforms have been identified. Although all ObRs have identical intracellular domains, they differ substantially in length in terms of their extracellular domains, which determine their ability to activate cell signalling pathways. The most important of these receptors in terms of biological effects of leptin is the so-called long form (ObRb), which possesses the complete intracellular domain linked to full cell signalling processes. The heart has been shown to express ObRb as well as to produce leptin. Leptin exerts numerous cardiac effects including the development of hypertrophy likely through a number of cell signaling processes as well as mitochondrial dynamics, thus demonstrating substantial complex underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss mechanisms that potentially mediate leptin-induced cardiac pathological hypertrophy, which may contribute to the development of heart failure.
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