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Jain P, Patel V, Patel Y, Rasool J, Gandhi SK, Patel P. Effectiveness of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Preventing Thromboembolic Complications Before Cardioversion: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e48149. [PMID: 38046740 PMCID: PMC10692994 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is one of the most prevalent irregular heartbeats that doctors encounter. Clinicians typically pursue two main approaches for treatment, namely, controlling the heart rate and managing the heart rhythm. Under the rhythm control approach, AFib is addressed through cardioversion, which is achieved either with medications termed pharmacological cardioversion (PCV) or via an electrical shock termed electric cardioversion (ECV). While ECV proves instrumental in AFib management, it carries its own risk factors, potentially leading to blood clot-related complications such as embolic strokes. To counteract this potential downside, a well-established strategy involves the utilization of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to identify possible embolic sources before initiating cardioversion. The goal of this systematic review is to highlight the role of TEE in preempting embolic occurrences following ECV during the management of AFib. After conducting a thorough search of databases, namely, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Medline, a total of 36 studies were selected for this review article. Following a comprehensive evaluation of these studies, it was concluded that TEE plays a pivotal role in preventing thromboembolic complications during ECV for AFib. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to delve deeper into this matter. While existing evidence underscores its efficacy, additional investigation is needed to address this subject matter comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, IND
| | - Vishwesh Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, M.P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Yashaswi Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Surat, Surat, IND
| | - Jawairiya Rasool
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Priyansh Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, IND
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Aarnink E, Zabern M, Boersma L, Glikson M. Mechanisms and Prediction of Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6491. [PMID: 37892626 PMCID: PMC10607686 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults worldwide and represents an important burden for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems. AF is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity, due to the disease itself and its specific complications, such as the increased risk of stroke and thromboembolic events associated with AF. The temporal relation between AF episodes and stroke is nonetheless incompletely understood. The factors associated with an increased thromboembolic risk remain unclear, as well as the stroke risk stratification. Therefore, in this review, we intend to expose the mechanisms and physiopathology leading to intracardiac thrombus formation and stroke in AF patients, together with the evidence supporting the causal hypothesis. We also expose the risk factors associated with increased risk of stroke, the current different risk stratification tools as well as future prospects for improving this risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol Aarnink
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Zabern
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Lucas Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Glikson
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
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Sun Y, Ling Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Li T, Tong Q, Qian Y. Finding low CHA2DS2-VASc scores unreliable? Why not give morphological and hemodynamic methods a try? Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1032736. [PMID: 36684565 PMCID: PMC9846026 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1032736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) suffer from a high risk of thrombosis. Currently, the CHA2DS2-VASc score is the most widely used tool for risk stratification in patients with AF, but it has disappointing accuracy and limited predictive value, especially in those with low scores. Thrombi in patients with AF mostly grow in their left atrial appendages (LAA), which is directly related to the abnormal morphology of the LAA or the left atrium and the unusual hemodynamic state around LAA, which may sensitively evaluate the risk of thrombosis complications in patients with AF and bring bases to clinical plans of medication and operation. Therefore, we investigated the research progress of hemodynamic and morphological studies about the predictive value of thrombosis risk in patients with AF, intending to discuss the prediction potential of morphological and hemodynamic indexes when compared with the presently used CHA2DS2-VASc system and how to build a more precise thromboembolic event prediction model for patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiRen Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfei Ling
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijia Chen
- West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjun Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Yongjun Qian,
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Construction of a Clinical Predictive Model of Left Atrial and Left Atrial Appendage Thrombi in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. J Interv Cardiol 2022; 2022:7806027. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7806027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of left atrial (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and to establish and validate relevant predictive models. It might improve thromboembolic risk stratification in patients with NVAF. Methods. This study retrospectively included 1210 consecutive patients with NVAF undergoing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), of whom 139 patients had thrombi in LA or in LAA. Through literature review and the ten events per variable (10EPV) principle, 13 variables were finally identified for inclusion in multivariate analysis. Models were constructed by multivariate logistic stepwise regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression. Results. After logistic regression, five variables (AF type, age, B-type natriuretic peptide, E/e’ ratio, and left atrial diameter) were finally screened out as model 1. After Lasso regression, AF type, age, gender, B-type natriuretic peptide, E/e’ ratio, left atrial diameter, and left ventricular ejection fraction were finally screened as model 2. After comparing the two models, the simpler model 1 was finally selected. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the model 1 was 0.865 (95% CI: 0.838–0.892), the Hosmer–Lemeshow test = 0.898, and the AUC = 0.861 after internal validation. The clinical decision curve showed that the new clinical prediction model could achieve a net clinical benefit when the expected threshold was between 0 and 0.6. Conclusion. This study constructed a new clinical prediction model of LA or LAA thrombi, with a higher discriminative degree than the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scoring systems (AUC: 0.865 vs. 0.643; AUC: 0.865 vs 0.652).
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