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Baldwin D, Carmichael J, Cook G, Navani N, Peach J, Slater R, Wheatstone P, Wilkins J, Allen-Delingpole N, Kerr CEP, Siddiqui K. UK Stakeholder Perspectives on Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer, and the Potential for UK Real-World Datasets to Validate Their Use in Decision-Making. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:791-810. [PMID: 39044745 PMCID: PMC11264281 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s441359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Duration of overall survival in patients with cancer has lengthened due to earlier detection and improved treatments. However, these improvements have created challenges in assessing the impact of newer treatments, particularly those used early in the treatment pathway. As overall survival remains most decision-makers' preferred primary endpoint, therapeutic innovations may take a long time to be introduced into clinical practice. Moreover, it is difficult to extrapolate findings to heterogeneous populations and address the concerns of patients wishing to evaluate everyday quality and extension of life. There is growing interest in the use of surrogate or interim endpoints to demonstrate robust treatment effects sooner than is possible with measurement of overall survival. It is hoped that they could speed up patients' access to new drugs, combinations, and sequences, and inform treatment decision-making. However, while surrogate endpoints have been used by regulators for drug approvals, this has occurred on a case-by-case basis. Evidence standards are yet to be clearly defined for acceptability in health technology appraisals or to shape clinical practice. This article considers the relevance of the use of surrogate endpoints in cancer in the UK context, and explores whether collection and analysis of real-world UK data and evidence might contribute to validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baldwin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Carmichael
- Department of Oncology, The National Institute for Health Research Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-Operative (NIHR Leeds MIC), Leeds, UK
| | - Gordon Cook
- Cancer Research UK Trials Unit, LICTR, University of Leeds & NIHR (Leeds) IVD MIC, Leeds, UK
| | - Neal Navani
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - James Peach
- Human Centric Drug Discovery, Wood Centre for Innovation, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pete Wheatstone
- Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Group, DATA-CAN, London, UK
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Wang W, Li J, Yang Y, Chen F, Xu T, Wang P, Wang Y, Maihemaiti A, Ren L, Lan T, Li P, Zhou C, Liu P. Update on the outcome of M-protein screening program of multiple myeloma in China: A 7-year cohort study. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6859. [PMID: 38133437 PMCID: PMC10807560 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the early detection rate of multiple myeloma (MM), the M-protein screening system has been performed in the hospital population at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University since 2014, with electrophoretic-based monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) screening integrated into the blood biochemistry panel. This study updated 7-year follow-up findings of MM patients diagnosed by screening-driven and symptom-driven approaches. METHODS The retrospective study compared the characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed through two patterns by reviewing the plasma cell disease database from January 2014 to October 2021. The screening-driven group included patients diagnosed through the screening system during workups of unrelated medical conditions or routine checkups. In contrast, patients who visited or were referred to the hematological department due to myeloma-related end-organ damage were categorized into the symptom-driven group. RESULTS There were 3,110,218 serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) tests performed during 7 years, with 1.95% (60,609) patients yielding positive SPEP results. Of 911 confirmed MM cases (excluding concurrent amyloidosis), 366 were assigned to the screening-driven group, while 545 were to the symptom-driven group. Compared to the symptom-driven group, the screening group had more IgG subtypes, earlier International Stage System stages, fewer disease-related symptoms, lower ECOG scores, less extramedullary disease, a lower percentage of bone marrow plasma cells, and a lower level of lactate dehydrogenase. Frontline response results of two groups were similar. Patients detected through screening had a significantly improved median progression-free survival (PFS) than the symptom-driven group (62.2 vs. 24.9 months, p < 0.001, HR: 2.12, 95% CIs: 1.69-2.65), with median follow-ups of 32.6 and 27.4 months. Furthermore, the median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in patients of the screening group (not reached vs. 62.3 months, p < 0.001, HR: 2.49, 95% CIs: 1.81-3.41). After being adjusted for well-acknowledged myeloma prognostic factors, the screening-driven diagnostic pattern remained an independent prognostic factor indicating improved PFS and OS in MM patients. CONCLUSION Routine M-protein screening for MM in the hospital population results in an earlier diagnosis and better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Feifei Chen
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tianhong Xu
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Aziguli Maihemaiti
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tianwei Lan
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of HematologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Lopez-Muñoz N, Hernández-Ibarburu G, Alonso R, Sanchez-Pina JM, Ayala R, Calbacho M, Cuellar C, Cedena MT, Jimenez A, Iñiguez R, Pedrera M, Cruz J, Meloni L, Pérez-Rey D, Serrano P, de la Cruz J, Martinez-Lopez J. Large-scale real-life analysis of survival and usage of therapies in multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 37468911 PMCID: PMC10357768 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival in multiple myeloma has improved significantly in recent years, especially in young patients. We reviewed the evolution of the survival of patients with MM in three groups based on age at MM diagnosis over three time periods between 1999 and 2020 at our 12 de Octubre Hospital institution (H12O). Then, to confirm our results, we used data from TriNetx, a global health research platform that includes patients from Europe to US. Finally, we analysed differences in the patterns of treatment between networks across the world. Kaplan‒Meier analysis was used to estimate survival probabilities, and between-group differences were tested using the log-rank test and hazard ratio. For patients from H12O, the median OS was 35.61, 55.59 and 68.67 months for the 1999-2009, 2010-2014 and 2015-2020 cohorts, respectively (p = 0.0001). Among all patients included in the EMEA network, the median OS was 20.32 months versus 34.75 months from 1999-2009 versus 2010-2014. The median OS from the 2010-2014 versus 2015-2020 time cohorts was 34.75 months versus 54.43 months, respectively. In relation to the US cohort, the median OS from before 2010 versus 2010-2014 was not reached in either time cohort and neither when comparing the 2010-2014 versus 2015-2019 time cohorts. Bortezomib is the most commonly used drug in the EMEA cohort, while lenalidomide is the most commonly used drug in the US cohort. This large-scale study based on real-world data confirms the previous finding that MM patients have increased their survival in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lopez-Muñoz
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - R Alonso
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Sanchez-Pina
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Ayala
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Calbacho
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Cuellar
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Cedena
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Jimenez
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Iñiguez
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pedrera
- Data Science Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cruz
- Data Science Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Meloni
- TriNetX Europe NV, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium
| | - D Pérez-Rey
- Biomedical Informatics Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Serrano
- Data Science Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J de la Cruz
- Research Institute imas12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Lopez
- Hematology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, CNIO, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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Petillo S, Sproviero E, Loconte L, Cuollo L, Zingoni A, Molfetta R, Fionda C, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Petrucci MT, Fazio F, Paolini R, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibition potentiates the anti-myeloma activity of natural killer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:438. [PMID: 37460534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells act as important regulators in the development and progression of hematological malignancies and their suppressor activity against Multiple Myeloma (MM) cells has been confirmed in many studies. Significant changes in the distribution of NK cell subsets and dysfunctions of NK cell effector activities were described in MM patients and correlated with disease staging. Thus, restoring or enhancing the functionality of these effectors for the treatment of MM represents a critical need. Neddylation is a post-translational modification that adds a ubiquitin-like molecule, NEDD8, to the substrate protein. One of the outcomes is the activation of the Cullin Ring Ligases (CRLs), a class of ubiquitin-ligases that controls the degradation of about 20% of proteasome-regulated proteins. Overactivation of CRLs has been described in cancer and can lead to tumor growth and progression. Thus, targeting neddylation represents an attractive approach for cancer treatment. Our group has recently described how pharmacologic inhibition of neddylation increases the expression of the NKG2D activating receptor ligands, MICA and MICB, in MM cells, making these cells more susceptible to NK cell degranulation and killing. Here, we extended our investigation to the direct role of neddylation on NK cell effector functions exerted against MM. We observed that inhibition of neddylation enhanced NK cell-mediated degranulation and killing against MM cells and improved Daratumumab/Elotuzumab-mediated response. Mechanistically, inhibition of neddylation increased the expression of Rac1 and RhoA GTPases in NK cells, critical mediators for an efficient degranulation at the immunological synapse of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and augmented the levels of F-actin and perforin polarization in NK cells contacting target cells. Moreover, inhibition of neddylation partially abrogated TGFβ-mediated repression of NK cell effector activity. This study describes the role of neddylation on NK cell effector functions and highlights the positive immunomodulatory effects achieved by the inhibition of this pathway in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Sproviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Loconte
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cuollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Iida S, Nakakoji M, Spanopoulos D, Okazuka K, Parulekar V, Ishida T. Practice patterns and outcomes for triple-class exposed patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in Japan. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3839-3852. [PMID: 36331578 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Treatment options for triple-class exposed (TCE) patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in Japan are limited. Materials & methods: Retrospective observational study using the Medical Data Vision database (April 2008-April 2021). Eligible adults with MM received a new post-TCE treatment. Treatments, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs (per patient per month [PPPM]) were analyzed with subgroup analyses by prior stem cell transplantation (SCT vs No SCT). Results: Of 459 TCE patients, 216 (47%) had post-TCE treatment of whom 194 (90%) had no prior SCT. Median duration of the first post-TCE line of therapy (LOT) was 2 months; 49% of No SCT patients received a subsequent LOT. Total healthcare costs were comparable between No SCT and SCT groups (¥1.3 million PPPM each; US$12,328 and $12,391, respectively), driven by treatment costs. Median post-index overall survival (n = 216) was 15.8 months (95% CI: 10.5, 22.3). Conclusion: New treatments with better effectiveness are needed for patients with TCE MM in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tadao Ishida
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu F, Cheng Q, Song K, Yu H, Li J, Zhang H, Hu G, Zhou M, Wang J, Ding Z, Luo Z, Peng T, Ding L, Zhao L, Liu J, He Y, Peng H. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma in Hunan Province. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:497-504. [PMID: 35545345 PMCID: PMC10930164 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is less clinical data on multiple myeloma (MM) in China, and the aim of this study was to collect and analyze the clinical data of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients in Hunan Province during 1 year, to understand the real clinical features and treatment outcome for Hunan Province patients with MM, and to strengthen the understanding of the standardized diagnosis process and treatment plan of MM. METHODS The clinical data of 529 patients with NDMM in 12 large-scale general hospitals in Hunan Province from January 1 to December 31, 2019 were collected and analyzed, including baseline data, treatment regimens, duration of treatment, and adverse reactions. The clinical characteristics, treatment, and safety of patients were analyzed by SPSS 21.0. RESULTS Among the 529 NDMM patients, the age was 33-90 (median 64) years and the male-female ratio was 1.38꞉1. The clinical features ranged from high to low were as follows: Bone pain (77.7%), anemia (66.8%), renal insufficiency (40.6%), hypercalcemia (15.1%). Typing: IgG 46.5%, IgA 24.6%, IgD 2.6%, IgM 0.8%, light chain 15.7%, double clone 3.0%, no secretion 0.6%, absence 6.2%. Staging: Durie-Salmon stage I, II, and III were 4.5%, 10.6%, 77.3%, respectively, and 40 cases (7.6%) missed this data. International Staging System (ISS) stage I, II, and III were 10.4%, 24.4%, and 47.6%, respectively, and 93 cases (17.6%) were missing. Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) stage I, II, and III were 5.5%, 27.0%, 23.1%, respectively, and 235 cases (44.4%) missed this data. Among the 98 NDMM patients in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Durie-Salmon (DS) stage missing 2.0%, ISS stage missing 12.3%, and R-ISS stage missing 12.3%.Treatment: Among the 529 patients,475 received treatment, the rate of treatment was 89.8%; 67.4% of the patients were able to complete four courses of chemotherapy at induction phase, 90.3% of the patients received proteasome inhibitor based combination chemotherapy regimen more than once, 67.2% received immunomodulator based regimen more than once, and 59.8% of the patients received proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulator based combination chemotherapy regimen more than once. Curative: Overall response rate (ORR) and high quality response rate (HQR) of the 4-course group were better than those of the 2-course group (ORR: 85% vs 65%, P=0.006; HQR: 68.3% vs 24.0%, P<0.001). The HQR of the standard chemotherapy group was better than that of the non-standard chemotherapy group (65.1% vs 48.2%, P=0.035). Adverse reactions during treatment included hematologic toxicity (17.5%), peripheral neuropathy (24.8%), gastrointestinal adverse events (23.8%), pulmonary infection (25.9%), herpes zoster (4.6%), and venous thrombotic events (1.7%). CONCLUSIONS In 2019, the missed diagnosis rate of MM patients was high, the medium age of diagnosis was older, and the accuracy of patient diagnosis was not high. There is a great difference among medical centers, especially in the stage and risk stratified, nearly half of NDMM patients are not diagnosed with R-ISS stage; the lack of cytogenetic data needs to be supplemented by follow-up studies. A high proportion of patients with NDMM present with bone pain and anemia.Patients received treatment have higher use of chemotherapy regimens containing proteasome inhibitors and/or immunomodulators, but there is a significant gap among different medical centers, and standardized treatment needs to be strengthened. The safety during chemotherapy is controllable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Kui Song
- Department of Hematology, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Jishou Hunan 416007
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Hematology, First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou Hunan 423000
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Hunan 421001
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang Hunan 422099
| | - Guoyu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou Hunan 412007
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hematology, First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde Hunan 415003
| | - Zhongqi Ding
- Department of Hematology, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua Hunan 418099
| | - Zimian Luo
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan Hunan 411199
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Yanjuan He
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008.
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Szudy-Szczyrek A, Ahern S, Kozioł M, Majowicz D, Szczyrek M, Krawczyk J, Hus M. Therapeutic Potential of Innate Lymphoid Cells for Multiple Myeloma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4806. [PMID: 34638291 PMCID: PMC8507621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently identified family of lymphocyte-like cells lacking a specific antigen receptor. They are part of the innate immune system. They play a key role in tissue homeostasis and also control inflammatory and neoplastic processes. In response to environmental stimuli, ILCs change their phenotype and functions, and influence the activity of other cells in the microenvironment. ILC dysfunction can lead to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. ILC can be divided into three subgroups: ILC Group 1, comprising NK cells and ILC1; Group 2, including ILC2 alone; and Group 3, containing Lymphoid Tissue inducers (LTi) and ILC3 cells. While Group 1 ILCs mainly exert antitumour activity, Group 2 and Group 3 ILCs are protumorigenic in nature. A growing body of preclinical and clinical data support the role of ILCs in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Therefore, targeting ILCs may be of clinical benefit. In this manuscript, we review the available data on the role of ILCs in MM immunology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Szudy-Szczyrek
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Sean Ahern
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.A.); (J.K.)
- National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Kozioł
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daria Majowicz
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Michał Szczyrek
- Chair and Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.A.); (J.K.)
- National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Marek Hus
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
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