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El Feky SE, Fakhry KA, Hussain AM, Ibrahim FAR, Morsi MI. MLKL regulates radiation-induced death in breast cancer cells: an interplay between apoptotic and necroptotic signals. Med Oncol 2024; 41:172. [PMID: 38862702 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis is often responsible for treatments failure in cancer. Necroptosis is a type of programmed necrosis that occurs under caspase-deficient conditions that could overcome apoptosis resistance. Our purpose was to investigate the interrelationship between apoptotic and necroptotic death pathways and their influence on the response of breast cancer cells to radiotherapy in vitro. Human BC cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were treated with ionizing radiation, and then several markers of apoptosis, necroptosis, and survival were assessed in the presence and absence of necroptosis inhibition. MLKL knockdown was achieved by siRNA transfection. Our main findings emphasize the role of necroptosis in cellular response to radiation represented in the dose- and time-dependent elevated expression of necroptotic markers RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. Knockdown of necroptotic marker MLKL by siRNA led to a significant elevation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 survival with a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 1.23 and 1.61, respectively. Apoptotic markers Caspase 8 and TRADD showed transitory or delayed upregulation, indicating that apoptosis was not the main mechanism by which cells respond to radiation exposure. Apoptotic markers also showed a significant elevation following MLKL knockdown, suggesting its role either as a secondary or death alternative pathway. The result of our study emphasizes the critical role of the necroptotic pathway in regulating breast cancer cells responses to radiotherapy and suggests a promising utilization of its key modulator, MLKL, as a treatment strategy to improve the response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa E El Feky
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Karen Adel Fakhry
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr M Hussain
- Cancer Management and Research Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fawziya A R Ibrahim
- Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Morsi
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Wan H, Yang YD, Zhang Q, Chen YH, Hu XM, Huang YX, Shang L, Xiong K. VDAC1, as a downstream molecule of MLKL, participates in OGD/R-induced necroptosis by inducing mitochondrial damage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23426. [PMID: 38173512 PMCID: PMC10761567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury constitutes a significant risk factor for a range of diseases, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and trauma. Following the restoration of blood flow post-tissue ischemia, oxidative stress can lead to various forms of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Recent evidence has highlighted the crucial role of mitochondrial dysfunction in I/R injury. Nevertheless, there remains much to be explored regarding the molecular signaling network governing cell death under conditions of oxidative stress. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), a major component in the outer mitochondrial membrane, is closely involved in the regulation of cell death. In a cellular model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), which effectively simulates I/R injury in vitro, our study reveals that OGD/R induces VDAC1 oligomerization, consequently exacerbating cell death. Furthermore, we have revealed the translocation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) to the mitochondria, where it interacts with VDAC1 following OGD/R injury, leading to an increased mitochondrial membrane permeability. Notably, the inhibition of MLKL by necrosulfonamide hinders the binding of MLKL to VDAC1, primarily by affecting the membrane translocation of MLKL, and reduces OGD/R-induced VDAC1 oligomerization. Collectively, our findings provide preliminary evidence of the functional association between MLKL and VDAC1 in the regulation of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-di Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi-min Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-xia Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Xu J, Wu D, Zhou S, Hu H, Li F, Guan Z, Zhan X, Gao Y, Wang P, Rao Z. MLKL deficiency attenuated hepatocyte oxidative DNA damage by activating mitophagy to suppress macrophage cGAS-STING signaling during liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:58. [PMID: 36765043 PMCID: PMC9918524 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis has been implicated in aggravating liver ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the precise role and mechanism of MLKL in regulating oxidative DNA damage of hepatocytes and subsequent activation of macrophage stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of MLKL in regulating the interplay between hepatocyte injury and macrophage pro-inflammatory responses during liver IR injury. We found that IR increased MLKL expression in liver tissues of wild type (WT) mice. MLKL knockout (KO) attenuated liver IR injury and suppressed the activation of cGAS-STING signaling in intrahepatic macrophages, which was abrogated by STING activation with its agonist. Mechanistically, IR induced oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes, leading to cGAS-STING activation in macrophages, which was suppressed by MLKL KO. Moreover, increased PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy contributed to reduced oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes and subsequent decreased activation of STING signaling in macrophages in MLKL KO mice. Our findings demonstrated a non-canonical role of MLKL in the pathogenesis of liver IR. MLKL deficiency significantly promoted PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation to inhibit oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes, which in turn suppressed macrophage cGAS-STING activation and inflammatory liver IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Dongming Wu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Li
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Guan
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhan
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyun Gao
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhuqing Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.
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Magusto J, Beaupère C, Afonso MB, Auclair M, Delaunay JL, Soret PA, Courtois G, Aït-Slimane T, Housset C, Jéru I, Fève B, Ratziu V, Rodrigues CM, Gautheron J. The necroptosis-inducing pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like regulates the adipogenic differentiation of pre-adipocytes. iScience 2022; 25:105166. [PMID: 36204273 PMCID: PMC9530846 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) proteins are key regulators of necroptosis, a highly pro-inflammatory mode of cell death, which has been involved in various human diseases. Necroptotic-independent functions of RIPK3 and MLKL also exist, notably in the adipose tissue but remain poorly defined. Using knock-out (KO) cell models, we investigated the role of RIPK3 and MLKL in adipocyte differentiation. Mlkl-KO abolished white adipocyte differentiation via a strong expression of Wnt10b, a ligand of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and a downregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. This effect was not recapitulated by the ablation of Ripk3. Conversely, Mlkl and Ripk3 deficiencies did not block beige adipocyte differentiation. These findings indicate that RIPK3 and MLKL have distinct roles in adipogenesis. The absence of MLKL blocks the differentiation of white, but not beige, adipocytes highlighting the therapeutic potential of MLKL inhibition in obesity. Mlkl deficiency inhibits white, but not beige, adipocyte differentiation MLKL deficiency suppresses the expression of master regulators of adipogenesis Mlkl deficiency up-regulates Wnt10b expression Ripk3 deficiency does not alter white and beige adipocyte differentiation
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Shi S, Bonaccorsi-Riani E, Schurink I, van den Bosch T, Doukas M, Lila KA, Roest HP, Xhema D, Gianello P, de Jonge J, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW. Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Induce Periportal Expression of Necroptosis Executor pMLKL Which Is Associated With Early Allograft Dysfunction After Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890353. [PMID: 35655777 PMCID: PMC9152120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) following liver transplantation (LT) remains a major threat to the survival of liver grafts and recipients. In animal models, it is shown that hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) triggers phosphorylation of Mixed Lineage Kinase domain-like protein (pMLKL) inducing necroptotic cell death. However, the clinical implication of pMLKL-mediated cell death in human hepatic IRI remains largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of pMLKL in human liver grafts and its association with EAD after LT. Methods The expression of pMLKL was determined by immunohistochemistry in liver biopsies obtained from both human and rat LT. Human liver biopsies were obtained at the end of preservation (T0) and ~1 hour after reperfusion (T1). The positivity of pMLKL was quantified electronically and compared in rat and human livers and post-LT outcomes. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining was performed to characterize the pMLKL-expressing cells. Results In the rat LT model, significant pMLKL expression was observed in livers after IRI as compared to livers of sham-operation animals. Similarly, the pMLKL score was highest after IRI in human liver grafts (in T1 biopsies). Both in rats and humans, the pMLKL expression is mostly observed in the portal triads. In grafts who developed EAD after LT (n=24), the pMLKL score at T1 was significantly higher as compared to non-EAD grafts (n=40). ROC curve revealed a high predictive value of pMLKL score at T1 (AUC 0.70) and the ratio of pMLKL score at T1 and T0 (pMLKL-index, AUC 0.82) for EAD. Liver grafts with a high pMLKL index (>1.64) had significantly higher levels of serum ALT, AST, and LDH 24 hours after LT compared to grafts with a low pMLKL index. Multivariate logistical regression analysis identified the pMLKL-index (Odds ratio=1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) as a predictor of EAD development. Immunohistochemistry on serial sections and multiplex staining identified the periportal pMLKL-positive cells as portal fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and a minority of cholangiocytes. Conclusion Periportal pMLKL expression increased significantly after IRI in both rat and human LT. The histological score of pMLKL is predictive of post-transplant EAD and is associated with early liver injury after LT. Periportal non-parenchymal cells (i.e. fibroblasts) appear most susceptible to pMLKL-mediated cell death during hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Shi
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eliano Bonaccorsi-Riani
- Abdominal Transplant Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivo Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thierry van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karishma A Lila
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daela Xhema
- Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Shi P, Song C, Qi H, Ren J, Ren P, Wu J, Xie Y, Zhang M, Sun H, Cao Y. Up-regulation of IRF3 is required for docosahexaenoic acid suppressing ferroptosis of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in cardiac hypertrophy rat. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bausys A, Maneikyte J, Leber B, Weber J, Feldbacher N, Strupas K, Dschietzig TB, Schemmer P, Stiegler P. Custodiol ® Supplemented with Synthetic Human Relaxin Decreases Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury after Porcine Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111417. [PMID: 34768845 PMCID: PMC8583819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable after kidney transplantation (KT), impairing outcomes. Relaxin-2 (RLX) is a promising insulin-related peptide hormone that protects against renal IRI in rodents, although large animal models are needed before RLX can be tested in a human setting. Methods. In this blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled experimental study kidneys from 19 donor pigs were retrieved after perfusion with Custodiol® ± RLX (5 or 20 nmol/L) and underwent static cold storage (SCS) for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Subsequently, KT was performed after unilateral right nephrectomy. Study outcomes included markers for kidney function, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and endothelial cell damage. PCR analysis for oxidative stress and apoptosis-related gene panels as well as immunohistochemistry were performed. Results. RLX upregulated SOD2 and NFKB expression to 135% (p = 0.042) and 125% (p = 0.019), respectively, while RIPK1 expression was downregulated to 82% (p = 0.016) of corresponding controls. Further RLX significantly downregulated RIPK1 and MLKL expression and decreased the number of Caspase 3- and MPO-positive cells in grafts after SCS. Conclusions. RLX supplemented Custodiol® significantly decreased IRI via both antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Clinical trials are warranted to implement synthetic human RLX as a novel additive to preservation solutions against IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustinas Bausys
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, National Cancer Institute, 10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juste Maneikyte
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Bettina Leber
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-81181
| | - Jennifer Weber
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Nicole Feldbacher
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Kestutis Strupas
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Thomas Bernd Dschietzig
- Relaxera GmbH & Co. KG, 64625 Bensheim, Germany;
- MHB Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Philipp Stiegler
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.B.); (J.M.); (J.W.); (N.F.); (P.S.); (P.S.)
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Dong FL, Liu DM, Lu TT, Li F, Zhang C, E Q, Zhang YH. PPARγ2 functions as a tumor suppressor in a translational mouse model of human prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2021; 24:90-96. [PMID: 34213488 PMCID: PMC8788601 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_51_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) is a master regulator that controls energy metabolism and cell fate. PPARγ2, a PPARγ isoform, is highly expressed in the normal prostate but expressed at lower levels in prostate cancer tissues. In the present study, PC3 and LNCaP cells were used to examine the benefits of restoring PPARγ2 activity. PPARγ2 was overexpressed in PC3 and LNCaP cells, and cell proliferation and migration were detected. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes. The genes regulated by PPARγ2 overexpression were detected by microarray analysis. The restoration of PPARγ2 in PC3 and LNCaP cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration. PC3-PPARγ2 tissue recombinants showed necrosis in cancerous regions and leukocyte infiltration in the surrounding stroma by H&E staining. We found higher mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and lower microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) expression in cancer tissues compared to controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Microarray analysis showed that PPARγ2 gain of function in PC3 cells resulted in the reprogramming of lipid- and energy metabolism-associated signaling pathways. These data indicate that PPARγ2 exerts a crucial tumor-suppressive effect by triggering necrosis and an inflammatory reaction in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lu Dong
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Feng Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qun E
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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