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Grover A, Sankaranarayanan S, Mathur V, Suri P, Qiu H, Andrews-Zwilling Y, Mease K, Taylor LK, Cahir-McFarland E, Keswani S, Yednock T. Pharmacokinetic and Target Engagement Measures of ANX007, an Anti-C1q Antibody Fragment, Following Intravitreal Administration in Nonhuman Primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 36729444 PMCID: PMC9907371 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose C1q and the classical complement cascade are key regulators of synaptic pruning, and their aberrant activation has been implicated in neurodegenerative ophthalmic diseases including geographic atrophy and glaucoma. The antigen-binding fragment antibody ANX007 specifically recognizes globular head groups of C1q to block substrate binding and functionally inhibit classical complement cascade activation. ANX007 was assessed in nonclinical studies of biodistribution and C1q target engagement in the eye following intravitreal (IVT) administration in cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Female juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (n = 12) received a single bilateral dose of 1 or 5 mg ANX007/eye, with vitreous and non-perfused tissue samples collected approximately 4 weeks later. In a separate study, male (n = 6/5) and female (n = 6/5) animals received repeat bilateral dosing of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg ANX007/eye on days 1 and 29, with aqueous and vitreous collections on day 44 or day 59. Tissues from the 5 mg/eye repeat-dose group were perfused, and retina, choroid, and optic nerve samples were collected approximately 2 and 4 weeks post-last dose. Results Following a single dose of ANX007, vitreous levels of free drug were measurable through 4 weeks at both the 1 and 5 mg dose levels, with approximately 3-day half-life. With repeat dose of 5 mg/eye, free-ANX007 was measurable 4 weeks post-last dose in perfused retina and choroid and up to approximately 2 weeks post-last dose in optic nerve. There was a strong correlation between C1q target engagement and free drug levels in aqueous and vitreous humors and retinal tissue. Conclusions Following IVT administration, ANX007 distributes to sites within the retina that are relevant to neurodegenerative ophthalmic disease with clear evidence of C1q target engagement. Based on its mechanism of action inhibiting C1q and its downstream activity, ANX007 is predicted to mitigate tissue damage driven by classical complement activation in the retina. These data support further clinical evaluation of ANX007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grover
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,ACELYRIN, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States
| | - Sethu Sankaranarayanan
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Escape Bio, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Vidhu Mathur
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Acelot Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Poojan Suri
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | | | - Kirsten Mease
- ToxStrategies Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lori K. Taylor
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | | | - Sanjay Keswani
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Phoenix R&D Solutions Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
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Jiao Y, Chen HD, Han H, Chang Y. Development and Utilization of Corn Processing by-Products: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3709. [PMID: 36429301 PMCID: PMC9717738 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important food crop, corn has an important impact on people's lives. The processing of corn produces many by-products, such as corn gluten meal, corn husk, and corn steep liquor, which are rich in protein, oil, carbohydrates, and other nutrients, all of which are inexpensive. Their accumulation in large quantities during the production process not only results in a burden on the environment but also the loss of potentially valuable food materials that can be processed. In fact, the by-products of corn processing have been partially used in functional foods, nutrients, feed, and other industries. There is no doubt that the secondary utilization of these by-products can not only solve the problem of waste pollution caused by them, but also produce high value-added products and improve the economic benefits of corn. This paper describes in detail the processing and higher-value utilization of the five main by-products: corn gluten meal, corn husks, corn steep liquor, corn germ, and fuel ethanol by-product. The utilization status of corn processing by-products was discussed roundly, and the development trend of corn processing by-products in China and other countries was analyzed, which provided the reference for the development of the corn deep processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Chang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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Kandoi S, Martinez C, Merriman DK, Lamba DA. Characterization of Retinal Development in 13-Lined Ground Squirrels. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 36409292 PMCID: PMC9695149 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cone-dominant, 13-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS) retina mimics the human central retina, but a thorough examination of retinal development in this species has not been reported. Here, the embryonic and postnatal development of the 13-LGS retina was studied to further characterize 13-LGS as a practical alternative animal model for investigating cone-based vision in health and disease. Methods The spatiotemporal expression of key progenitor and cell type markers was examined in retinas from defined embryonic and postnatal stages using immunohistochemistry. Postnatal gene expression changes were validated by quantitative PCR. Results The 13-LGS neuroblastic layer expressed key progenitor markers (Sox2, Vsx2, Pax6, and Lhx2) at E18. Sequential cell fate determination evidenced by the first appearance of cell-type-specific marker labeling was at embryonic stage 18 (E18) with ganglion cells (Brn-3A, HuC/D) and microglia (Iba1); at E22.5 with photoreceptor progenitors (Otx2, recoverin) followed shortly by horizontal and amacrine cells (Lhx1, Oc1) at E24 to E25.5; and at postnatal stage 15 (P15) with bipolar cells (Vsx1, CaBP5) and Müller glia cells (GS, Rlbp1). Photoreceptor maturation indicated by opsin-positive outer segments and peanut agglutinin (PNA) labeling of cone sheaths was completed at the time of eye opening (P21-P24). Conclusions The timeline and order of retinal cell development in the 13-LGS generally matches that recorded from other mammalian models but with a stark variation in the proportion of various cell types due to cone-dense photoreceptors. Translational Relevance This thorough examination of an emerging translationally relevant cone-dominant specie provides a baseline for future disease modeling and stem cell approach studies of human vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Kandoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Martinez
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dana K. Merriman
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
| | - Deepak A. Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tao Y, Murakami Y, Vavvas DG, Sonoda KH. Necroptosis and Neuroinflammation in Retinal Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:911430. [PMID: 35844208 PMCID: PMC9277228 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.911430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis mediates the chronic inflammatory phenotype in neurodegeneration. Receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) plays a pivotal role in the induction of necroptosis in various cell types, including microglia, and it is implicated in diverse neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system and the retina. Targeting RIPK has been proven beneficial for alleviating both neuroinflammation and degeneration in basic/preclinical studies. In this review, we discuss the role of necroptosis in retinal degeneration, including (1) the molecular pathways involving RIPK, (2) RIPK-dependent microglial activation and necroptosis, and (3) the interactions between necroptosis and retinal neuroinflammation/degeneration. This review will contribute to a renewed focus on neuroinflammation induced by necroptosis and to the development of anti-RIPK drugs against retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Ines and Frederick Yeatts Retinal Research Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Mallik S, Grodstein F, Bennett DA, Vavvas DG, Lemos B. Novel Epigenetic Clock Biomarkers of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:856853. [PMID: 35783640 PMCID: PMC9244395 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.856853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a bilateral ocular condition resulting in irreversible vision impairment caused by the progressive loss of photoreceptors in the macula, a region at the center of the retina. The progressive loss of photoreceptor is a key feature of dry AMD but not always wet AMD, though both forms of AMD can lead to loss of vision. Regression-based biological age clocks are one of the most promising biomarkers of aging but have not yet been used in AMD. Here we conducted analyses to identify regression-based biological age clocks for the retina and explored their use in AMD using transcriptomic data consisting of a total of 453 retina samples including 105 Minnesota Grading System (MGS) level 1 samples, 175 MGS level 2, 112 MGS level 3 and 61 MGS level 4 samples, as well as 167 fibroblast samples. The clocks yielded good separation among AMD samples with increasing severity score viz., MGS1-4, regardless of whether clocks were trained in retina tissue, dermal fibroblasts, or in combined datasets. Clock application to cultured fibroblasts, embryonic stem cells, and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) were consistent with age reprograming in iPSCs. Moreover, clock application to in vitro neuronal differentiation suggests broader applications. Interesting, many of the age clock genes identified include known targets mechanistically linked to AMD and aging, such as GDF11, C16ORF72, and FBN2. This study provides new observations for retina age clocks and suggests new applications for monitoring in vitro neuronal differentiation. These clocks could provide useful markers for AMD monitoring and possible intervention, as well as potential targets for in vitro screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Mallik
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fran Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Ines and Frederick Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Guo L, Choi S, Bikkannavar P, Cordeiro MF. Microglia: Key Players in Retinal Ageing and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:804782. [PMID: 35370560 PMCID: PMC8968040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.804782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in maintaining the normal function of the retina and brain. During early development, microglia migrate into the retina, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and scan their environment constantly. Microglia can be activated by any homeostatic disturbance that may endanger neurons and threaten tissue integrity. Once activated, the young microglia exhibit a high diversity in their phenotypes as well as their functions, which relate to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglial activation is associated with the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can determine pathological outcomes. As the professional phagocytes in the retina, microglia are responsible for the clearance of pathogens, dead cells, and protein aggregates. However, their phenotypic diversity and phagocytic capacity is compromised with ageing. This may result in the accumulation of protein aggregates and myelin debris leading to retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of the young and ageing retina, and the mechanisms underlying changes in ageing. Additionally, we review microglia-mediated retinal neuroinflammation and discuss the mechanisms of microglial involvement in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Li Guo,
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- M. Francesca Cordeiro,
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