Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy in Patients with Transmural Defects of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation-Induced Esophageal Perforation

Esophageal thermal injury from atrial fibrillation ablation is not uncommon; however, full-thickness perforation is rare. Such injuries are often treated with surgical revision, stent placement, or medical management. Endoscopic vacuum therapy is a novel and emerging technique to repair transmural gastrointestinal defects; however, its use in the management of esophageal thermal ulceration and perforation after a cardiac ablation procedure is limited. We present a 52-year-old man who developed a refractory esophageal perforation and leak secondary to atrial fibrillation radiofrequency ablation that was successfully treated with endoscopic vacuum therapy, demonstrating a minimally invasive endoscopic treatment modality when alternative therapies fail.

Additional over-the-scope-clip closure can shorten endoscopic vacuum therapy for postoperative upper gastrointestinal leakage

Background and study aims Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has become the most effective therapeutic option for upper gastrointestinal leakage. Despite its efficiency, this treatment can necessitate a long hospitalization. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether additional use of an over-the-scope-clips (OTSC) closure after successful EVT can shorten leakage therapy. Patients and methods All patients treated with EVT for leakages in the upper gastrointestinal tract at our center from 2012 to 2022 were divided into two propensity matched cohorts (EVT+OTSC vs. EVT only). The EVT+OTSC patients received OSTC application at the end of successful EVT directly after removal of the last sponge. The primary endpoint was the time interval from leakage diagnosis until discharge. Secondary endpoints included EVT efficacy, complications, and nutritional status at discharge. Results A total of 84 matched patients were analyzed. EVT efficacy was 100% in both groups. The time interval from leakage until discharge was significantly shorter in the EVT+OTSC vs. EVT group (33 [19-48] vs. 46 days [29-77] P = 0.004). No patient in the EVT+OTSC group required additional procedures for leakage management, whereas five (12%) in the EVT group needed additional stent placement ( P = 0.021). More patients could be discharged on sufficient oral nutrition in the EVT+OTSC group (98% vs. 60%; P < 0.001). Conclusions The addition of OTSCs after successful EVT is safe and has the potential to shorten leakage therapy, enabling earlier discharge along with better functional outcomes.

Management of fistulas in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Fistulas in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract are complex conditions associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. They may arise as a result of inflammatory or malignant processes or following medical procedures, including endoscopic and surgical interventions. The management of upper GI is often challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Accurate diagnosis, including endoscopic and radiological evaluations, is crucial to build a proper and personalized therapeutic plan, that should take into account patient's clinical conditions, time of onset, size, and anatomical characteristics of the defect. In recent years, several endoscopic techniques have been introduced for the minimally invasive management of upper GI fistulas, including through-the-scope and over-the-scope clips, stents, endoscopic suturing, endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT), tissue adhesives, endoscopic internal drainage. This review aims to discuss and detail the current available endoscopic techniques for the treatment of upper GI fistulas.

The Role of Open-Pore Film Drainage Systems in Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy: Current Status and Review of the Literature

Background

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is an increasingly popular endoscopic technique used for the treatment of wall defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Open-pore film drainage (OFD) systems are a new addition to the armamentarium of EVT and have shown encouraging results in a wide spectrum of applications. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the applications of OFD systems in the gastrointestinal tract.

Summary

Open-pore film drainage (OFD) systems have been used for the treatment of several defects of the gastrointestinal tract. The small size and easy placement of these devices make them very useful, particularly for the treatment of defects that are small in size or difficult to reach. OFDs have been successfully used for both perforations and anastomotic leaks in various locations, with most reports focusing on the treatment of duodenal defects, although successful applications in the esophagus, stomach, and colon have also been reported. Lately, the role of OFDs in preemptive EVT has also been explored.

Key Messages

OFD systems are easy to use, particularly for small defects and challenging localizations. The current literature, consisting mainly of small case series and case reports, shows encouraging results, but further prospective studies are needed to explore and verify the indications and technical aspects of this innovative method.

Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Leaks and Perforations: Analysis From a Multicenter Spanish Registry

INTRODUCTION

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is a novel technique for closing upper gastrointestinal (UGI) defects. Available literature includes single-center retrospective cohort studies with small sample sizes. Furthermore, evidence about factors associated with EVT failure is scarce. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of EVT for the resolution of UGI defects in a multicenter study and to investigate the factors associated with EVT failure and in-hospital mortality.

METHODS

This is a prospective cohort study in which consecutive EVT procedures for the treatment of UGI defects from 19 Spanish hospitals were recorded in the national registry between November 2018 and March 2022.

RESULTS

We included 102 patients: 89 with anastomotic leaks and 13 with perforations. Closure of the defect was achieved in 84 cases (82%). A total of 6 patients (5.9%) had adverse events related to the EVT. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12.7%. A total of 6 patients (5.9%) died because of EVT failure and 1 case (0.9%) due to a fatal adverse event. Time from diagnosis of the defect to initiation of EVT was the only independent predictor for EVT failure (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05, P = 0.005). EVT failure (OR 24.5, 95% CI 4.5-133, P = 0.001) and development of pneumonia after EVT (OR 246.97, 95% CI 11.15-5,472.58, P = 0.0001) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.

DISCUSSION

EVT is safe and effective in cases of anastomotic leak and perforations of the upper digestive tract. The early use of EVT improves the efficacy of this technique.

Homemade endoscopic vacuum therapy device for the management of transmural gastrointestinal defects

OBJECTIVES

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) possesses a unique mechanism of action providing a less invasive alternative for the management of transmural gastrointestinal defects (TGID). This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a novel homemade EVT (H-EVT) for the treatment of TGID.

METHODS

Retrospective multicenter study including patients who underwent H-EVT for TGID between January 2019 and January 2022. Main outcomes included technical and clinical success as well as safety outcomes. Subgroup analyses were included by defect location and classification. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors for successful closure.

RESULTS

A total of 144 patients were included. Technical success was achieved in all patients, with clinical success achieved in 88.89% after a mean of 3.49 H-EVT exchanges over an average of 23.51 days. After excluding 10 cases wherein it was not possible to achieve negative pressure, successful closure occurred in 95.52% of patients. Time to clinical success was less for defects caused by endoscopic (hazard ratio [HR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-1.20) compared to surgical procedures and for patients with simultaneous intracavitary and intraluminal H-EVT placement (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.55-0.91). Location and classification of defect did not impact clinical success rate. Simultaneous placement of both an intraluminal and intracavitary H-EVT (odds ratio 3.08; 95% CI 1.19-7.95) was a significant predictor of clinical success. Three device-related adverse events (2.08%) occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the H-EVT is feasible, safe, and effective for the management of TGID.

Endoscopic vacuum therapy: 2 methods of successful endosponge placement for treatment of anastomotic leak in the upper GI tract

Video 1Presentation of 2 methods of successful endosponge placement for treatment of anastomotic leak in the upper GI tract.

Applications of endoscopic vacuum therapy in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is an increasingly popular treatment option for wall defects in the upper gastrointestinal tract. After its initial description for the treatment of anastomotic leaks after esophageal and gastric surgery, it was also implemented for a wide range of defects, including acute perforations, duodenal lesions, and postbariatric complications. Apart from the initially proposed handmade sponge inserted using the “piggyback” technique, further devices were used, such as the commercially available EsoSponge and VAC-Stent as well as open-pore film drainage. The reported pressure settings and intervals between the subsequent endoscopic procedures vary greatly, but all available evidence highlights the efficacy of EVT, with high success rates and low morbidity and mortality, so that in many centers it is considered to be a first-line treatment, especially for anastomotic leaks.

Clinical implantation of 92 VACStents in the upper gastrointestinal tract of 50 patients-applicability and safety analysis of an innovative endoscopic concept

Introduction

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for upper gastrointestinal wall defects, offering benefits such as evacuation of secretions and removal of wound debris by suction, and reduction and healing of wound cavities to improve clinical outcomes. In contrast, covered stents have a high rate of migration and lack functional drainage, while endoluminal EVT devices obstruct the GI tract. The VACStent is a novel device that combines the benefits of EVT and stent placement. Its design features a fully covered Nitinol-stent within a polyurethane sponge cylinder, enabling EVT while maintaining stent patency.

Methods

This study analyzes the pooled data from three different prospective study cohorts to assess the safe practicality of VACStent placement, complete leak coverage, and effective suction-treatment of esophageal leaks. By pooling the data, the study aims to provide a broader base for analysis.

Results

In total, trans-nasal derivation of the catheter, suction and drainage of secretion via vacuum pump were performed without any adversity. In the pooled study cohort of 92 VACStent applications, the mean stent indwelling time was 5.2 days (range 2-8 days) without any dislocation of the device. Removal of the VACStent was done without complication, in one case the sponge was lost but subsequently fully preserved. Minor local erosions and bleeding and one subsequent hemostasis were recorded unfrequently during withdrawal of the device (5.4%, 5/92) but no perforation or pressure ulcer. Despite a high heterogeneity regarding primary disease and pretreatments a cure rate of 76% (38/50 patients) could be achieved.

Discussion

In summary, insertion and release procedure was regarded as easy and simple with a low potential of dislocation. The VACStent was well tolerated by the patient while keeping the drainage function of the sponge achieving directly a wound closure by continuous suction and improving the healing process. The implantation of the VACStent provides a promising new procedure for improved clinical treatment in various indications of the upper gastrointestinal wall, which should be validated in larger clinical studies.Clinical Trial Registration: Identifier [DRKS00016048 and NCT04884334].

Endoscopic negative pressure therapy for duodenal leaks

Background and study aim

Endoscopic negative pressure therapy (ENPT) is well established in the treatment of perforations of various etiologies in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. For duodenal perforations exist only case reports and series. Different indications are possible for ENPT in duodenal position: primary therapy for leaks, preemptive therapy after surgery for example, after ulcer suturing or resection with anastomoses, or as second line therapy in cases of recurrent anastomotic insufficiencies with leakage of duodenal secretion.

Methods

A retrospective 4-year case series of negative pressure therapy in duodenal position indicated by different etiologies and a comprehensive review of current literature on endoscopic negative pressure duodenal therapy are presented.

Results

Patients with primary duodenal leaks n= 6 and with duodenal stump insufficiencies n = 4 were included. In seven patients ENPT was the first line and sole therapy. Primary surgery for duodenal leak was performed in n = 3 patients. Mean duration of ENPT was 11.0 days, mean hospital stay was 30.0 days. Re-operation after start of ENPT was necessary in two patients with duodenal stump insufficiencies. Surgery after termination of the ENPT was not necessary in any patient.

Discussion

In our case series and in the literature, ENPT has been shown to be very successful in the therapy of duodenal leaks. A challenge in ENPT for duodenal leaks is the appropriate length of the probe to safely reach the leak and keep the open pore element at the end of the probe in place despite intestinal motility.

Endoscopic Management of Large Leakages After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery

Background

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is an evidence-based option to treat anastomotic leakages of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but the technical challenges and clinical outcomes of patients with large defects remain poorly described.

Methods

All patients with leakages of the upper GI tract that were treated with endoscopic negative pressure therapy at our institution from 2012-2021 were analyzed. Patients with large defects (>30 mm) as an indicator of complex treatment were compared to patients with smaller defects (control group).

Results

Ninety-two patients with postoperative anastomotic or staplerline leakages were identified, of whom 20 (21.7%) had large defects. Compared to the control group, these patients required prolonged therapy (42 vs. 14 days, p < 0.001) and hospital stay (63 vs. 26 days, p < 0.001) and developed significantly more septic complications (40 vs. 17.6%, p = 0.027.) which often necessitated additional endoscopic and/or surgical/interventional treatments (45 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.007.) Nevertheless, a resolution of leakages was achieved in 80% of patients with large defects, which was similar compared to the control group (p = 0.42). Multiple leakages, especially on the opposite side, along with other local unfavorable conditions, such as foreign material mass, limited access to the defect or extensive necrosis occurred significantly more often in cases with large defects (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Overall, our study confirms that EVT for leakages even from large defects of the upper GI tract is feasible in most cases but comes with significant technical challenges.

Endoscopic vacuum therapy in the upper gastrointestinal tract: when and how to use it

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a novel treatment option for upper gastrointestinal wall defects. The basic principle of action of EVT entails evacuation of secretions, removal of wound debris, and containment of the defect. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that EVT reduces interstitial edema, increases oxygen saturation, and promotes tissue granulation and microcirculation. Various devices, such as macroporous polyurethane sponge systems or open-pore film drains, have been developed for specific indications. Depending on the individual situation, EVT devices can be placed in- or outside the intestinal lumen, as a stand-alone procedure, or in combination with surgical, radiological, and other endoscopic interventions.

PURPOSE

The aim of this narrative review is to describe the current spectrum of EVT in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to assess and summarize the related scientific literature.

CONCLUSIONS

There is growing evidence that the efficacy of EVT for upper GI leakages exceeds that of other interventional treatment modalities such as self-expanding metal stents, clips, or simple drainages. Owing to the promising results and the excellent risk profile, EVT has become the therapy of choice for perforations and anastomotic leakages of the upper gastrointestinal tract in many centers of expertise. In addition, recent clinical research suggests that preemptive use of EVT after high-risk upper gastrointestinal resections may play an important role in reducing postoperative morbidity.

Endoscopic Sponge Vacuum Therapy for Large Infected Esophagus Pleural Fistula

A 50-year-old man with hypothyroidism was diagnosed with severe pneumonia secondary to the SARS-CoV-2 virus with an HRCT CORAD score of 18/25 in September 2020. From the records, the patient appeared to have developed spontaneous esophageal perforation. In view of his poor general condition, he was treated with endoscopic sponge vacuum therapy (EVT). EVT is a novel approach for treatment for a closed cavity. Also, very few studies exist in the literature in regard to this procedure.

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) for acute esophageal perforation: Could it replace surgery?

Background and study aims  Acute esophageal perforation is a potentially life-threating condition that demands a multidisciplinary approach. Based on recently published data indicating that EVT may be effective in managing esophageal perforation, we report our institution's experience with EVT in this clinical setting. Patients and methods  We retrospectively analyzed all 10 patients with acute esophageal perforation from May 2018 to January 2021, using descriptive statistics. The primary outcome was successful closure of the perforation. Secondary outcomes included the length of treatment, number of endoscopic procedures required, and complication rate. Results  All patients (site of perforation: 4 upper, 2 middle, 4 lower esophagus; etiology: 8 iatrogenic, 2 foreign body ingestion) were treated with EVT successfully. In eight cases, EVT was started immediately after the perforation, in the other two cases 1 and 2 days later. The median (interquartile range) number of endoscopic procedures was 2.5 (range, 2-3) and the median duration of treatment was 7.5 days (range, 7-11.5). The sponge was placed in eight cases intraluminally, in the other two cases initially intracavitary. No complication occurred. Conclusions  EVT is highly effective for managing acute esophageal perforation within 1 to 3 weeks. Immediate start of EVT to prevent abscess formation and induce defect closure is crucial.

Evolution of endoscopic vacuum therapy for upper gastrointestinal leakage over a 10-year period: a quality improvement study

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is an effective treatment option for leakage of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of quality improvements in EVT management on patients' outcome.

METHODS

All patients treated by EVT at our center during 2012-2021 were divided into two consecutive and equal-sized cohorts (period 1 vs. period 2). Over time several quality improvement strategies were implemented including the earlier diagnosis and EVT treatment and technical optimization of endoscopy. The primary endpoint was defined as the composite score MTL30 (mortality, transfer, length-of-stay > 30 days). Secondary endpoints included EVT efficacy, complications, in-hospital mortality, length-of-stay (LOS) and nutrition status at discharge.

RESULTS

A total of 156 patients were analyzed. During the latter period the primary endpoint MTL30 decreased from 60.8 to 39.0% (P = .006). EVT efficacy increased from 80 to 91% (P = .049). Further, the need for additional procedures for leakage management decreased from 49.9 to 29.9% (P = .013) and reoperations became less frequent (38.0% vs.15.6%; P = .001). The duration of leakage therapy and LOS were shortened from 25 to 14 days (P = .003) and 38 days to 25 days (P = .006), respectively. Morbidity (as determined by the comprehensive complication index) decreased from 54.6 to 46.5 (P = .034). More patients could be discharged on oral nutrition (70.9% vs. 84.4%, P = .043).

CONCLUSIONS

Our experience confirms the efficacy of EVT for the successful management of UGI leakage. Our quality improvement analysis demonstrates significant changes in EVT management resulting in accelerated recovery, fewer complications and improved functional outcome.

Endoscopic Vacuum-assisted Closure in a Patient with an Overtube-induced Esophageal Perforation

An esophageal perforation is one of the most fatal clinical events, with a mortality rate of up to 21%. This may arise postoperatively or post-endoscopically. In the past, surgical treatment, such as an esophagectomy, was performed these cases. However, the procedure was challenging and had a high risk of postoperative complications. Recently, advancements in endoscopic techniques have been made, and endoscopic procedures became a common treatment modality for patients with esophageal perforation, even in those with underlying diseases. Among the endoscopic procedures, endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure (E-VAC) has been known to be safe and effective. We present the case of a 64-year-old female with advanced liver cirrhosis and an overtube-induced esophageal perforation during esophageal variceal ligation. She was successfully treated with E-VAC.

Endoluminal vacuum closure of a duodenal perforation

Perforation is a known complication of endoscopic resection and has been managed with endoscopic defect closure, antibiotics and close observation. Closure of duodenal perforations are more challenging due to the presence of gastric and pancreaticobiliary secretions. The use of endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) to divert flow and aid closure is increasingly prevalent and may avoid high-risk surgery. We describe the use of endoluminal vacuum closure to salvage an iatrogenic duodenal perforation in a 57-year-old male who underwent an endoscopic mucosal resection of a 35-mm polypoid lesion on the posterior wall of the second portion of the duodenum. The endoluminal wound vac successfully controlled leakage and allowed defect closure. EVT is an emerging technique that can effectively manage complicated injuries throughout the GI tract and may allow enhanced recovery by avoiding surgical salvage and its associated morbidity and mortality.

Editors' Choice of Noteworthy Clinical Endoscopy Publications in the First Decade

This is a special review to celebrate the 10^th anniversary of Clinical Endoscopy. Each deputy editor has selected articles from one’s subspecialty that are significant in terms of the number of downloads, citations, and clinical importance. The articles included original articles, review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.