Role of Advanced Glycation End-Products and Other Ligands for AGE Receptors in Thyroid Cancer Progression

Targeting HMGB1 and Its Interaction with Receptors: Challenges and Future Directions

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone chromatin protein predominantly located in the nucleus. However, under pathological conditions, HMGB1 can translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently be released into the extracellular space through both active secretion and passive release mechanisms. The distinct cellular locations of HMGB1 facilitate its interaction with various endogenous and exogenous factors, allowing it to perform diverse functions across a range of diseases. This Perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, release mechanisms, and multifaceted roles of HMGB1 in disease contexts. Furthermore, it introduces the development of both small molecule and macromolecule inhibitors targeting HMGB1 and its interaction with receptors. A detailed analysis of the predicted pockets is also presented, aiming to establish a foundation for the future design and development of HMGB1 inhibitors.

Diabetes Driven Oncogenesis and Anticancer Potential of Repurposed Antidiabetic Drug: A Systemic Review

Diabetes and cancer are two prevalent disorders, pose significant public health challenges and contribute substantially to global mortality rates, with solely 10 million reported cancer-related deaths in 2020. This review explores the pathological association between diabetes and diverse cancer progressions, examining molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic intersections. From altered metabolic landscapes to dysregulated signaling pathways, the intricate links are delineated, offering a comprehensive understanding of diabetes as a modulator of tumorigenesis. Cancer cells develop drug resistance through mechanisms like enhanced drug efflux, genetic mutations, and altered drug metabolism, allowing them to survive despite chemotherapeutic agent. Glucose emerges as a pivotal player in diabetes progression, and serving as a crucial energy source for cancer cells, supporting their biosynthetic needs and adaptation to diverse microenvironments. Glycation, a non-enzymatic process that produces advanced glycation end products (AGEs), has been linked to the etiology of cancer and has been shown in a number of tumor forms, such as leiomyosarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Furthermore, in aggressive and metastatic breast cancer, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is increased, which may increase the malignancy of the tumor. Reprogramming glucose metabolism manifests as hallmark cancer features, including accelerated cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and evasion of apoptosis. This manuscript encapsulates the dual narrative of diabetes as a driver of cancer progression and the potential of repurposed antidiabetic drugs as formidable countermeasures. The amalgamation of mechanistic understanding and clinical trial outcomes establishes a robust foundation for further translational research and therapeutic advancements in the dynamic intersection of diabetes and cancer.

Epigenetic contributions to cancer: Exploring the role of glycation reactions

Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), with their prolonged half-life in the human body, are emerging as potent diagnostic indicators. Early intervention studies, focusing on AGE cross-link breakers, have shown encouraging results in heart failure patients, paving the way for disease progression monitoring and therapy effectiveness evaluation. AGEs are the byproducts of a non-enzymatic reaction where sugars interact with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These compounds possess the power to alter numerous biological processes, ranging from disrupting molecular conformation and promoting cross-linking to modifying enzyme activity, reducing clearance, and impairing receptor recognition. The damage inflicted by AGEs through the stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways is associated with the onset of chronic diseases across various organ systems. This review consolidates the characteristics of AGEs and the challenges posed by their expression in diverse physiological and pathological states. Furthermore, it highlights the clinical relevance of AGEs and the latest research breakthroughs aimed at reducing AGE accumulation.

Multi-element analysis of metals in human pathological and unchanged thyroid glands - pilot study

Disturbances in the homeostasis of the elemental composition of thyroid tissue may have serious metabolic and health consequences. It is believed that the accumulation of some metals or the deficiency of others may even cause lethal tumours. Due to the fact that metallomics most often uses human serum to analyse macro and microelements as well as trace elements, it was decided to use material that is more difficult to obtain, but also adds credibility to the research - thyroid tissue samples biopsy. The experiments were conducted on 17 patients diagnosed with: nodular (10) and colloidal goitre (2), chronic thyroiditis (2), follicular adenoma (2) and papillary carcinoma (1). They were recruited by collecting a tumour fragment, control fragment and serum from each of them. The content of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was examined using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometers). Simultaneously, biochemical methods were used to determine the markers of inflammation, glycation and peroxidation: malondialdehyde, pentosidine, reactive free amine content, compounds with thiol groups and galectin 3 in the sera of the examined patients. Three statistically significant correlations were identified: Ca-Mg and Cu-Zn in control tissues (p < 0.05) and Cr-Mn in pathological tissues (p < 0.05). A comparison of individual groups of patients shows that there are some potentail tendencies to increase or decrease in the concentration of certain elements or markers of inflammation and glycation, therefore we discuss potential relationships between a given parameter and a thyroid disorder. The pilot study is an introduction to a deeper analysis aimed at tracing the pathomechanism of the development of thyroid diseases, so that the risk of developing these diseases can be effectively minimized.

AGEs and RAGE: metabolic and molecular signatures of the glycation-inflammation axis in malignant or metastatic cancers

From attributing mutations to cancers with the advent of cutting-edge genetic technology in recent decades, to re-searching the age-old theory of intrinsic metabolic shift of cancers (Warburg's glycolysis), the quest for a precise panacea for mainly the metastatic cancers, remains incessant. This review delineates the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-receptor for AGE (RAGE) pathway driven intricate oncogenic cues, budding from the metabolic (glycolytic) reliance of tumour cells, branching into metastatic emergence of malignancies. Strong AGE-RAGE concomitance in metastasis, chemo-resistance and cancer resurgence adversely incite disease progression and patient mortality. At the conjunction of metabolic and metastatic shift of cancers, are the "glycolytically" generated AGEs and AGE-activated RAGE, instigating aberrant molecular pathways, culminating in aggressive malignancies. AGEs as by-products of metabolic insurgence, modify the metabolome, epigenome and microbiome, besides coercing the inter-, intra- and extra-cellular micro-milieu conducive for oncogenic events like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). AGE-RAGE synergistically elicit ATP surge for surplus energy, autophagy for apoptotic evasion and chemo-resistance, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) for meta-inflammation and angiogenesis, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) for immune tolerance, S100 proteins for metastasis, and p53 protein attenuation for tumour suppression. AGEs are pronouncedly reported in invasive forms of breast, prostate, colon and pancreatic cancers, higher in patients with cancer than healthy counterparts, and higher in advanced stage than localized phase. Hence, the investigation of person-specific presence of AGEs, soluble RAGE and AGE-activated RAGE can be advocated as impending bio-markers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes, to predict cancer risk in patients with diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome as well as general population, to monitor prognosis and metastasis in patients with cancer, and to reckon complications in cancer survivors. Furthermore, clinical reports of exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (internally formed) AGEs in cancer patients, and contemporary clinical trials involving AGE-RAGE axis in cancer are underlined with theranostic implications.

Could Oxidative Stress Play a Role in the Development and Clinical Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer?

Increased oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a relevant risk factor for cancer progression. Furthermore, patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been characterized by an increased OS status. Therefore, assessing OS status could potentially be considered a useful tool in DTC clinical management. This measurement could be particularly valuable in personalizing treatment protocols and determining new potential medical targets to improve commonly used therapies. A literature review was conducted to gather new information on DTC clinical management, with a particular focus on evaluating the clinical utility of OS. These meta-analyses concentrate on novel approaches that employ the measurement of oxidative-antioxidant status, which could represent the most promising area for implementing clinical management.

Advanced glycation end products and their soluble receptor (sRAGE) in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on levothyroxine substitution

Background

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are heterogenous group of irreversible chemical moieties originated from non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The engagement of AGEs with their chief cellular receptor (RAGE) activates a myriad of signaling pathways contributing to the progression of chronic diseases like autoimmune thyroiditis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) prevents AGE-RAGE interaction in a competitive manner.

Objective

We investigated the association between serum AGE, sRAGE and thyroid function in 73 Hashimoto thyroiditis patients (HT) on levothyroxine substitution, and in 83 age, BMI and gender-matched healthy controls.

Methods

The serum AGEs levels were determined by autofluorescence on a multi-mode microplate reader, and the serum sRAGE levels by ELISA method.

Results

Mean AGE level was lower (10.71 vs 11.45 AU/µg protein; p=0.046), while mean sRAGE level was higher (923 vs 755 pg/mL; p<0.0005) in the serum of HT patients than the controls. AGE correlated with age, while sRAGE correlated negatively with BMI in both groups. We found negative correlation between AGE and fT3 levels (r=-0.32; p=0.006) and sRAGE and TSH levels (r=-0.27; p=0.022) in HT patients, while we failed to find association between AGE, sRAGE and parameters of thyroid function in the control group. Median AGE/sRAGE ratio was lower in HT patients than in controls (2.4, IQR 1.9 - 3.1 vs 3.3, IQR 2.3 - 4.1 AU/pg; p < 0.001). In HT patients, the AGE/sRAGE ratio correlated positively with BMI and correlated negatively with fT3.

Conclusion

According to our results in HT patients lower TSH and higher fT3 levels within the reference range is accompanied by a favorable AGE/RAGE balance. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results.

The role of glycans in the mechanobiology of cancer

Although cancer is a genetic disease, physical changes such as stiffening of the extracellular matrix also commonly occur in cancer. Cancer cells sense and respond to extracellular matrix stiffening through the process of mechanotransduction. Cancer cell mechanotransduction can enhance cancer-promoting cell behaviors such as survival signaling, proliferation, and migration. Glycans, carbohydrate-based polymers, have recently emerged as important mediators and/or modulators of cancer cell mechanotransduction. Stiffer tumors are characterized by increased glycan content on cancer cells and their associated extracellular matrix. Here we review the role of cancer-associated glycans in coupled mechanical and biochemical alterations during cancer progression. We discuss the recent evidence on how increased expression of different glycans, in the form of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, contributes to both mechanical changes in tumors and corresponding cancer cell responses. We conclude with a summary of emerging tools that can be used to modify glycans for future studies in cancer mechanobiology.

Cyclodipeptides: From Their Green Synthesis to Anti-Age Activity

Cyclodipeptides (CDPs) or diketopiperazines (DKPs) are often found in nature and in foodstuff and beverages and have attracted great interest for their bioactivities, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In the laboratory, they can be prepared by green procedures, such as microwave-assisted cyclization of linear dipeptides in water, as performed in this study. In particular, five CDPs were prepared and characterized by a variety of methods, including NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their cytocompatibility and anti-aging activity was tested in vitro, as well as their ability to penetrate the different layers of the skin. Although their mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, this proof-of-concept study lays the basis for their future use in anti-age cosmetic applications.