Less Known Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. Part I. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, and prognosis

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS), also known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) characterized by an exanthem, fever, and hematologic and visceral organ involvement. Anticonvulsants, antibiotics, and allopurinol are the most common triggers. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between drugs, viruses, and the immune system primarily mediated by T-cells. DiHS/DRESS typically presents with a morbilliform eruption 2-6 weeks after drug exposure, and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and risk of relapse. Long-term sequelae primarily relate to organ dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. Part I of this continuing medical education activity on DiHS/DRESS provides an update on epidemiology, novel insights into pathogenesis, and a description of clinicopathological features and prognosis.

Pediatric drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: A 12-year retrospective study in a tertiary center

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare and severe adverse drug reaction involving multiple organs. Data on DRESS syndrome among children are currently limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical features, causative drugs, systemic organ involvement, laboratory findings, disease severity score, and treatment outcomes in pediatric DRESS patients. The medical records of all pediatric DRESS patients, based on the RegiSCAR diagnostic criteria and admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand from January 2010 to December 2021, were reviewed. Twenty-two cases were identified (males 54.5%) with a median age of 9.5 years. Anticonvulsants (54.5%) and antibiotics (27.3%) were the leading culprit drugs. Skin rash was reported in all cases, followed closely by liver involvement (95.5%). Eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytosis were identified in 54.5% and 31.8% of cases, respectively. The median latency period was 17.5 days. Liver enzyme elevation was detected at an average onset of 20.0 days and hepatocellular type was the most common pattern of liver injury. Nineteen patients (86.4%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids with prednisolone being the most prescribed medication. One case developed Graves' disease after DRESS and multiple relapses of DRESS. One case (4.5%) died due to refractory status epilepticus that was unrelated to DRESS. Anticonvulsants were the major cause of DRESS in pediatric patients. High suspicion for DRESS is crucial in patients receiving these drugs and presenting with fever, rash, and internal organ involvement.

Characteristics of DRESS Syndrome in the Elderly: A Comparative Study of 55 Patients

Background: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a rare drug reaction characterized by a skin rash, eosinophilia, and organ involvement. Objective: Our purpose is to focus on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of DRESS in the elderly and to identify the incriminated drugs. Methods: This is a retrospective study including patients, hospitalized for DRESS with a RegiSCAR ≥4. The population was divided into 2 groups according to age: 65 years or older (G1) and <65 years (G2). The statistical study was performed using the comparative and multivariate analysis. Results: We included 55 patients (30.9% G1 and 69.1% G2). Skin manifestations were comparable in both groups. Lymphadenopathy was less common in G1 with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.012). Renal impairment was more frequent in the elderly with a statistically significant result (P = 0.005). DRESS in the elderly group was significantly associated with the occurrence of sepsis (P = 0.008). Allopurinol was the most common culprit associated with DRESS in G1 (P = 0.001). Relapses and recurrences were comparable in both groups (P = 0.71). Conclusions: DRESS in the elderly is associated with a high risk of complications, mainly kidney involvement and sepsis. Allopurinol is the most incriminated drug.

Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome Caused by Itraconazole in a 17-Year-Old Girl

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe adverse drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction. We report a case of DRESS syndrome in a 17-year-old female caused by itraconazole, confirmed by patch testing, that required treatment with both corticotherapy and cyclosporine. Our case highlights the importance of clinical suspicion of this syndrome in pediatric age and the novelty of an antifungal drug being identified as the culprit.

DRESS and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Overlap Secondary to Allopurinol in a 50-Year-Old Man-A Diagnostic and Treatment Challenge: Case Report

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a drug reaction commonly related to eosinophilia, from uncertain epidemiology, and without consensus for diagnosis and treatment globally. It presents a great challenge in its management and is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rash, and multisystemic involvement. An aggressive and difficult-to-manage clinical case is presented in a 50-year-old man with chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 and systemic arterial hypertension, who developed an unusual variant similar to DRESS and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) overlap secondary to allopurinol, with skin manifestations without eosinophilia, but fulfilling clinical and laboratory criteria for DRESS and SJS syndrome.

Severe Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage due to Monkeypox Virus-Associated Proctocolitis

Monkeypox is primarily a painful cutaneous disease with occasional systemic manifestations. Monkeypox is transmitted predominantly through close physical contact and occasionally sexual contact. The first case was reported in the United States on May 17, 2022, in a recent monkeypox worldwide outbreak. We present a case of severe gastrointestinal bleeding as an atypical manifestation of monkeypox infection in a 40-year-old male with HIV. In our case, monkeypox-induced proctocolitis progressed to severe rectal bleeding requiring one unit of packed red blood cells transfusion despite one week of tecovirimat (TPOXX) therapy. So, patients should be educated about the possibility of unusual complications of monkeypox infection, i.e., bleeding in immunocompromised hosts.

Renal Manifestations of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome: A Systematic Review of 71 Cases

Unlike other adverse drug reactions, visceral organ involvement is a prominent feature of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and correlates with mortality. The aim of this study was to systematically review cases published in PubMed-indexed, peer-reviewed journals in which patients had renal injury during the episode of DRESS syndrome (DS). We found 71 cases, of which 67 were adults and 56% were males. Female sex was associated with higher mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was present in 14% of patients who developed acute kidney injury (AKI) during DS. In 21% of cases, the kidneys were the only visceral organ involved, while 54% of patients had both liver and kidney involvement. Eosinophilia was absent in 24% of patients. The most common classes of medication associated with renal injury in DS were antibiotics in 34%, xanthine oxidase inhibitors in 15%, and anticonvulsants in 11%. Among antibiotics, vancomycin was the most common culprit in 68% of patients. AKI was the most common renal manifestation reported in 96% of cases, while isolated proteinuria or hematuria was present in only 4% of cases. In cases with AKI, 88% had isolated increase in creatinine and decrease in glomerular filtration (GFR), 27% had AKI concomitantly with proteinuria, 18% had oliguria, and 13% had concomitant AKI with hematuria. Anuria was the rarest manifestation, occurring in only 4% of patients with DS. Temporary renal replacement therapy was needed in 30% of cases, and all but one patient fully recovered renal function. Mortality of DS in this cohort was 13%, which is higher than previously reported. Medication class, latency period, or pre-existing CKD were not found to be associated with higher mortality. More research, particularly prospective studies, is needed to better recognize the risks associated with renal injury in patients with DS. The development of disease-specific biomarkers would also be useful so DS with renal involvement can be easier distinguished from other eosinophilic diseases that might affect the kidney.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Lymphocytic Esophagitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as effective treatments for a wide variety of advanced malignancies. However, their use is associated with numerous immune-related toxicities, including within the gastrointestinal tract. We present a rare case of checkpoint inhibitor-induced lymphocytic esophagitis. A 79-year-old male with a past medical history significant for metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma on nivolumab presented to the hospital with dysphagia and symptomatic choledocholithiasis. The patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the extraction of stones and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for dysphagia, which showed esophagitis. Biopsies revealed lymphocytic infiltration of the epithelium, dyskeratotic keratinocytes, and acanthosis, raising suspicion for nivolumab-associated lymphocytic esophagitis. Treatment includes proton pump inhibitors and steroids; however, efficacy is not well described due to the rarity of the condition.

Cyclosporine as an alternative immunosuppressant for steroid-resistant drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a multiorgan reaction associated with a broad range of commonly used medications. Most cases of DRESS syndrome resolve with cessation of the inciting agent; however, use of systemic immunosuppression, most commonly with oral corticosteroids, is also recommended in cases with visceral organ involvement.We report a case of steroid-resistant relapsing-remitting DRESS syndrome secondary to sulfasalazine. Our patient experienced significant flare of symptoms of DRESS syndrome with multiple attempts to wean prednisolone. Initiation of cyclosporine as an alternative immunosuppressive agent to long-term corticosteroids has resulted in a 6-month remission in both dermatological and hepatic sequelae of DRESS syndrome.

Colitis as the Main Presentation of COVID-19: A Case Report

The main symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are fever, cough, tiredness, and loss of smell and taste. Gastrointestinal symptoms are less common. A 38-year-old female patient, previously healthy, presented with a history of hematochezia up to 8 times per day, followed by abdominal cramps, urgency, and chills for two days. She did not have any respiratory symptoms and was previously vaccinated for COVID-19. She was afebrile, with normal vital signs. Blood samples showed normal complete blood count and increased C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels (66 mg/L, 4.1 g/L, and 2302 μ/L FEU, respectively). Stool samples for stool culture, C. difficile, and viral examination came back negative. On day 3, she reported a mild cough, fever and loss of smell and taste. Nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) PCR test came back positive. On day 6, the patient still had hematochezia accompanied by abdominal cramps, but fever and respiratory symptoms withdrew. CRP, fibrinogen, and D-dimers were still elevated, as well as liver enzyme levels. Sigmoidoscopy was performed with biopsies taken from sigmoid and rectum for histology and PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing. CT angiography showed no signs of thrombosis in mesenteric veins or arteries. PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 virus from rectal biopsy sample was positive. Patient was treated with methylprednisolone iv for two days and peroral prednisone afterwards, with mesalamine, metronidazole and enoxaparin. Sigmoidoscopy was repeated after two weeks showing only mild hyperemia. At that time, the patient had normal stool, normal CRP, liver enzyme, fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels, and normocytic anemia (hemoglobin level of 103 g/L). We wanted to show that severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as hemorrhagic colitis, can be the main presentation of COVID-19, even in young patients with no prior comorbidities. In such a case, PCR test in biopsy samples can be performed to prove SARS-CoV-2 infection of bowel mucosa.

Comparison of cyclosporine and systemic corticosteroid for treating drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome: A retrospective 20-year single-centre study in South Korea

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a potentially life-threatening hypersensitive disorder. Cyclosporine has been indicated for adverse cutaneous drug eruptions. However, studies evaluating its clinical effectiveness in DRESS syndrome have been rare. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cyclosporine in DRESS syndrome compared to that of systemic corticosteroids.

METHODS

In the cyclosporine group, oral cyclosporine was administered twice a day for a total of 2-3 mg/kg/day for 1 week, and subsequently reduced to 1-1.5 mg/kg/day for extended treatment. In the corticosteroid group, intravenous or oral methylprednisolone was administered at 1-1.5 mg/kg/day for 1 week, with variable tapering plans. Laboratory changes before and after treatment, hospitalized days, treatment periods, and time to normalization from clinical manifestations in each group were statistically evaluated. Adverse effects of these regimens were observed during the entire treatment period.

RESULTS

Eighty patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The cyclosporine and corticosteroid group had 27 and 53 patients, respectively. Total leucocyte and eosinophil counts, liver enzymes, and C-reactive proteins were significantly decreased after treatment in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences observed in hospitalized days, treatment period, and time to normalization from clinical manifestations between the two groups. The corticosteroid group experienced relatively more adverse effects than the cyclosporine group.

CONCLUSIONS

Cyclosporine was discovered to be clinically effective in DRESS syndrome and this study suggests that cyclosporine could be a feasible primary therapeutic option for DRESS syndrome.

Identification of novel signal of clobazam-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome: A disproportionality analysis

OBJECTIVES

Clobazam is a well-known benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety drug as well as an anti-epileptic, particularly for patients who are not responding to first-line treatments. Recent case reports have indicated the association of clobazam with drug reaction with eosinophilia systemic symptoms syndrome (DRESS Syndrome). However, DRESS syndrome is not known to be associated with clobazam. Thus, the main objective of the current study was to identify the potential signal of clobazam-associated DRESS Syndrome.

MATERIALS & METHODS

US FDA Adverse event reporting system (US FAERS), pharmacovigilance data 2004Q1-2021Q3 was extracted using OpenVigil 2.1-MedDRA-v24. The Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) with a Chi-Square value (95% confidence interval), and number of cases (≥3) were used as disproportionality analysis parameters.

RESULTS

A total of 141 drug-event combinations were reported and results of disproportionality analysis indicate the positive signal of DRESS syndrome with clobazam. The signal strength was decreased after removing the cases of concomitantly administered drugs (phenytoin, levetiracetam, and valproic acid); however, the association of clobazam with DRESS syndrome remains statistically significant. The subgroup analysis results have shown a greater number of cases in the age group (18-64 years) as compared to other age groups whereas the number of cases in the male and female groups is almost similar.

CONCLUSION

The DRESS syndrome is identified as a novel signal with clobazam. However, further causality assessment is required.

How to Recognize and Manage Challenging DRESS Cases: Two Case Reports and A Review of the Literature

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is an uncommon systemic adverse drug reaction. Furthermore, it is a unique syndrome encompassing various manifestations of fever, facial edema, eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytosis, and organ dysfunction. Since there are no large prospective studies concerning DRESS syndrome, current treatment modalities for DRESS have been mainly determined based on various case reports and expert opinions. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy after the cessation of the culprit drug. Although most cases recover within a couple of months, some may persist and even progress despite 1 mg/kg/day of prednisolone or its equivalent. We herein present two cases of severe DRESS syndrome. Both cases presented with organ dysfunction and remained unresponsive to initial treatment with 1 mg/kg/day of intravenous methylprednisolone. Therefore, plasmapheresis or pulse steroid therapy (250 mg/day methylprednisolone for three days) was used. In the follow-up period, patients' clinical conditions improved dramatically without recurrence. We aimed to share our experience in recognizing and managing severe DRESS cases in this manuscript. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature in comparison with the present cases. In conclusion, plasmapheresis or pulse steroid therapy (250 mg/day of methylprednisolone for three days) can be used to treat difficult DRESS cases where organ failure is about to happen.

Clinical features, treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of allopurinol-induced DRESS in 52 patients

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Allopurinol-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a rare but serious and potentially life-threatening drug hypersensitivity syndrome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of allopurinol-induced DRESS.

METHODS

Case reports of allopurinol-induced DRESS published by China from January 2000 to August 2021 were retrieved from CNKI, Wan Fang, VIP, and PubMed databases for analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study included 52 patients, consisting of 41 (78.8%) males and 11 (21.2%) females (M:F = 3.7:1). The mean of age was 56.1 ± 17.1 years (range: 18-86 years). The mean of latency periods was 24.6 ± 15.0 days (range:1-63 days). Most patients presented with fever, cutaneous eruption, eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy, and facial edema. 36/52 (69.2%) patients showed two or more internal organs involved. Liver and kidney injuries were the most common visceral manifestation. Pulmonary involvement (34.6%), cardiac involvement (25.0%) and gastrointestinal involvement (21.2%) were relatively less known but severe complications. 2/52 (3.8%) patients showed nervous system involved, presenting as leukoencephalopathy or peripheral neuropathy. 2/52 (3.8%) patients presented with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.1/52 (1.9%) patient developed pure red cell aplasia and 1/52 (1.9%) patient developed painless thyroiditis. HLA*B 58:01 allele was tested in 18/52 (34.6%) patients. 16/18 (88.9%) cases were positive. 48/52 (92.3%) patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids. 16/52 (30.8%) patients were cured, 23/52 (44.2%) patients received partial recovery, and 13/52 (25.0%) patients were died. Septic shock, gastrointestinal bleeding and multiple organ failure were the leading causes of death. Advanced age, underlying cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and high dose of allopurinol, infection and internal organ involvement (including kidney, heart, lung and gastrointestinal tract) were risk factors for death.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

We explored clinical features, treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of 52 allopurinol-induced DRESS cases in China. Ethnicity, especially Han Chinese, and positive HLA-B*58:01 allele are the clearest risk factors so far. Advanced age, underlying cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and high dose of allopurinol, infection and internal organ involvement (including kidney, heart, lung and gastrointestinal tract) were associated with poorer outcomes. Early identification and discontinuation of the causative drug are crucial to the management of DRESS. For patients with severe disease, corticosteroids are recommended as the first-line therapy. However, further studies are needed to address diagnostic criteria of DRESS for early diagnosis, as well as to develop standardized corticosteroid treatment regimens.

DRESS characteristics according to the causative medication

BACKGROUND

To date, no study has identified a clear relationship between drug and a specific clinical presentation of DRESS.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the particularities of DRESS and analyze the variation of DRESS pattern according to culprit drugs.

METHODS

We analyzed cases of DRESS notified to the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at the University Hospital of Monastir over a 15-year period. The statistical study was performed using the comparative and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

DRESS was mostly induced by anticonvulsive agents (27%) followed by allopurinol (26.3%) and antibiotics (24%): For anticonvulsive agents, the occurrence of lymphadenopathy was higher, renal involvement was rare and mild, and positive skin tests were more frequent. The allopurinol group was associated with the patient's older age and a lower incidence of lymphadenopathy and kidney injury. For antibiotics, eosinophilia rate was lower, time to recovery was shorter, and RegiSCAR score was low. The multivariate analysis showed a link of allopurinol with severe renal impairment, antibiotics with short latency period and low RegiSCAR score, and anticonvulsants with high propensity of positive skin test.

CONCLUSION

We report the largest African and south Mediterranean cohort of DRESS and evaluated the usefulness of skin tests in identifying the culprit drug. The prominent finding was that latency period and renal involvement may independently differ according to culprit drugs.

Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS): A Tertiary Care Center Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a rare, drug-induced severe adverse reaction that usually occurs 3-6 weeks after initial exposure to certain drugs. It affects mainly adults and children to a lesser extent. Clinical features include fever, facial edema, generalized skin rash, lymphadenopathy, hematologic abnormalities, and internal organ involvement.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with DRESS in our center.

METHODS

We retrospectively describe and analyze 19 cases of DRESS whose diagnosis was based on the RegiSCAR criteria (≥ 6 points) that occurred from January 2009 to December 2019.

RESULTS

Patients ages ranged from 4-76 years(4 children/15 adults); 10 were female (52.3%). The most common culprit drugs were antibiotics (74%) and anticonvulsants (21%). The most common comorbidities were epilepsy (26%) and hypertension (26%). All patients developed cutaneous manifestations and of those, 58% presented facial edema. LFTs, urea/creatinine and troponin elevation were present in 74%, 32% and 42%, respectively. The median time to develop the skin rash after the drug exposure was 3.7 weeks (IQR2.4-4.2 weeks). Eosinophilia (≥ 0.7 x 10^9/L) was present in 95% of the patients and peaked around 10 days after the skin manifestations. Leukocytosis and reactive lymphocytes were reported in 84% and 26% of all patients respectively. Treatment with systemic steroids was reported in 16 patients. The mean recovery time was 2 weeks (IQR 2-3.5 weeks) and mortality was 5%.

CONCLUSIONS

DRESS is a serious condition with significant morbidity and mortality, which requires more research for a better understanding.

"Heart in DRESS": Cardiac Manifestations, Treatment and Outcome of Patients with Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Cardiac involvement in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DS) is rare but associated with high mortality. The aim of this research was to systematically review case reports by PRISMA guidelines in order to synthetize the knowledge of cardiac manifestations of DS. We identified 42 cases from 36 case reports. Women were two times more affected than men. Two-thirds of patients had cardiac manifestation in the initial phase of the disease, while in one-third of cases cardiac manifestations developed later (mean time of 70 ± 63 days). The most common inciting medications were minocycline (19%) and allopurinol (12%). In 17% of patients, the heart was the only internal organ affected, while the majority (83%) had at least one additional organ involved, most commonly the liver and the kidneys. Dyspnea (55%), cardiogenic shock (43%), chest pain (38%), and tachycardia (33%) were the most common cardiac signs and symptoms reported. Patients frequently had an abnormal ECG (71.4%), and a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction was the most common echocardiographic finding (45%). Endomyocardial biopsy or histological examination at autopsy was performed in 52.4%, with the predominant finding being fulminant eosinophilic myocarditis with acute necrosis in 70% of those biopsied. All patients received immunosuppressive therapy with intravenous steroids, while non-responders were more likely to have received IVIG, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, and other steroid-sparing agents (60%). Gender and degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction were not associated with outcomes, but short latency between drug exposure and the first DRESS symptom onset (<15 days) and older age (above 65 years) was associated with death. This underscores the potential importance of heightened awareness and early treatment.

Recurrent Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome Following Bortezomib for Multiple Myeloma

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome is a rare, severe, and delayed hypersensitivity reaction that may occur with exposure to a number of medications. Typical implicated medications include aromatic anticonvulsants, sulfonamides, minocycline, dapsone, and allopurinol. Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor and has rarely been associated with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of recurrent drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome secondary to bortezomib in a patient with multiple myeloma. The aim of this article is to highlight a unique mediation that may cause drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and to emphasize the challenge of managing these patients long-term to prevent relapse of the syndrome.

A, Tanami S, Nambiar R. A Case Report of Olmesartan-Induced Enteropathy

Chronic olmesartan use can cause a drug-induced enteropathy as a rare side effect leading to diarrhea, significant weight loss, and reduced quality of life. The mechanism of this enteropathy is poorly understood and requires further investigation. We present a case of olmesartan-induced enteropathy resulting in recurrent hospitalizations for intractable diarrhea. Significant enteropathy is more commonly related to infectious or autoimmune causes making the diagnosis of drug-induced enteropathy a challenge. In this case, the lack of significant findings on labs or imaging resulted in a thorough diagnostic work-up revealing olmesartan-induced enteropathy. We present this case to inform providers of the possibility of olmesartan-induced enteropathy and characteristics to identify in other similar cases.

Lamotrigine Induced DRESS Syndrome in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review

Lamotrigine is an important anticonvulsant drug. Its use, however, has been limited by the risk of potentially life-threatening dermatological reactions, such as a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Here, we report the case of a 7-year-6-month-old girl with a history of epilepsy who developed a skin rash with dyspnoea after 2 weeks of lamotrigine treatment, with DRESS ultimately being diagnosed. After discontinuation of the offending drug and the initiation of systemic glucocorticosteroids, the DRESS symptoms were relieved and the patient was discharged in a stable condition. Anticonvulsant drugs such as lamotrigine are among the factors that induce DRESS in children. When a patient displays skin rash and systemic organ involvement following the initiation of an anticonvulsant drug, DRESS should not be overlooked as a diagnosis, and immunosuppressant drugs should be considered as an option for treating DRESS patients.

Erosive cheilitis as an early manifestation in DRESS syndrome

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a distinct part of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). It is characterized by fever, rash, hematologic abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, or/and different degrees of visceral organ involvement. Its diagnosis is particularly challenging due to the variability of its clinical presentations and its long latency period (2-6 weeks). Allopurinol, an uric acid-lowering drug, has been incriminated in several cases of allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. Through this paper, we present a case of allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome with initial oral mucosal involvement. A 69-year-old female patient presented with an erosive cheilitis that started 1 week prior to his presentation. The cheilitis was associated with maculopapular rash and fever. She started taking allopurinol, as treatment of Gout, 6 weeks before hospitalization. The histologic findings obtained from skin biopsy were consistent with a toxic drug reaction. A complete blood count (CBC) showed a moderate eosinophilia. Alteration of renal function was also noted, and the diagnosis of allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome was made. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was therefore started. The patient completely recovered and had been healthy for 3 years before developing a recurrence after re-challenge with allopurinol.