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Akkoç Hİ, Keskin C, Aslantaş K. Dynamic analysis of a NiTi rotary file by using finite element analysis: Effect of cross-section and pitch length. AUST ENDOD J 2024. [PMID: 39361526 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed stress distribution, maximum stress values and fatigue life of experimentally designed NiTi rotary files with different cross-sectional geometry and pitch length using finite element analysis (FEA). Four cross-sectional shapes (Convex triangle, S-shaped, Triple helix and Concave triangle) and two pitch lengths (2 mm and 3 mm) were tested in simulated root canals with curvatures of 30°, 45° and 60°. The FEA results indicated that convex triangle and triple helix geometries exhibited lower stress values compared to the S-shaped and concave triangle designs. Increasing the canal curvature angle resulted in higher stress values, with the S-shaped instrument showing the most significant increase (up to 12%). Instruments with shorter pitch lengths showed more even stress distribution enhancing fatigue life. The maximum stress was concentrated 5-8 mm from the tip, varying across cutting edges, with S-shaped sections experiencing the lowest forces but higher stress due to lower moments of inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil İbrahim Akkoç
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Cangül Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Aslantaş
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyon, Turkey
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Subramanian SK, Joshi V, Kalra S, Adhikari S. Unveiling the fatigue life of NiTi endodontic files: An integrated computational-experimental study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 157:106657. [PMID: 39024733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files used in root canal treatments experience fatigue and shear damage due to the complex curved geometries and operating conditions encountered within the root canal. This can lead to premature file fracture, causing severe complications. A comprehensive understanding of how different factors contribute to file damage is crucial for improving their functional life. This study investigates the combined effects of root canal curvature radius, file canal curvature, and rotational speed on the fatigue life and failure modes of NiTi endodontic files through an integrated computational and experimental approach. Advanced finite element simulations precisely replicating the dynamic motion of files inside curved canal geometries were conducted. Critical stress/strain values were extracted and incorporated into empirical fatigue models to predict the functional life of endodontic files. Extensive experiments with files rotated inside artificial curved canals at various canal curvatures and speeds provided validation. Increasing the canal curvature beyond 60∘ and shorter curvature radii below 5 mm dramatically reduced the functional life of the endodontic file, especially at rotational speeds over 360 rpm. The Coffin-Manson fatigue model based on strain amplitude showed the closest agreement with experiments. Shear stresses dominated damage at low canal curvatures, while the combined shear-fatigue loading effects were prominent at higher canal curvatures. This conclusive study elucidates how operational parameters like canal curvature radii, canal curvature, and rotational speed synergistically influence the fatigue damage processes in NiTi files. The findings offer valuable guidelines to optimize these factors, significantly extending the functional life of endodontic files and reducing the risk of intra-operative failures. The validated computational approach provides a powerful tool for virtual testing and estimation of the functional life of the new file designs before manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India.
| | - Sahil Kalra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India.
| | - Sondipon Adhikari
- James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Surme K, Akman H, Özkan HB, Er K. Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of four pediatric rotary file systems at body temperature: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:992. [PMID: 39180032 PMCID: PMC11344432 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of the newly developed pediatric nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary file systems for root canal preparation of primary teeth. METHODS Eighty pediatric NiTi rotary file systems files were used in this study, including 20 EasyInSmile X-Baby (25/0.04), 20 Scope miniScope (25/0.04), 20 EndoArt Pedo Gold (25/0.04), and 20 EndoArt Pedo Blue (25/0.04) files. Static CFR tests; performed on a custom-made stainless steel block with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, an angle of curvature of 60° and a curved artificial canal with a radius of curvature of 5 mm. The test system was filled with distilled water and the temperature was kept constant at 35 ± 1 °C. The files were rotated in the simulated canal until fracture occurred. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) data was recorded, and all the fracture surfaces of the files were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis of the data, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS EndoArt Pedo Blue showed the highest NCF values (2668.10 ± 755.26), while the miniScope showed the lowest NCF values (453.65 ± 72.51), with a statistically significant difference between all the tested file systems (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in terms of fractured fragment lengths among all tested files (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The EndoArt Pedo Blue file system showed the best CFR performance among the four file systems specifically designed for primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Surme
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, 07400, Turkey
| | - Hayri Akman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, 07400, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Büyüközer Özkan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Er
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Roda-Casanova V, Pérez-González A. Computerized Generation of Endodontic Files by Reproducing the Flute Grinding Manufacturing Process. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:751. [PMID: 39199709 PMCID: PMC11352098 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: File fracture during root canal treatment in endodontics is a major concern for clinicians. The strength of the file is strongly dependent on its geometry, material, and working conditions; finite element simulations are used to understand these failure mechanisms. One limitation of the models used for these simulations is the approximate geometric representation typically obtained by rotating and scaling a specific cross-section shape along the file length. Given the influence of file geometry on file strength, a more realistic representation based on the manufacturing method is needed. Methods: A computerized method was developed to generate the file geometry by simulating the flute grinding manufacturing process. This method generates the 3D geometry of the file starting from a blank and reproducing the motions of the file and grinding wheel. Results: The cross-section of the resulting geometry does not involve simple rotation and scaling but changes from the shank to the tip. The tilt angle of the grinding wheel affects the final geometry, thus altering the convexity of the cross-section. Several other parameters, such as the pitch and the radius of the grinding disc tip, impact the final geometry. Conclusions: The proposed computational method allows for the generation of endodontic file geometries that match those produced via the actual flute grinding method. This tool may help researchers and tool designers in the preparation of finite element models to assess the strength of realistic files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Roda-Casanova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
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Díaz-Flores García V, Pimienta Vázquez MI, Tejedor B, Suárez A, Freire Y. Comparative study of torsional and bending stress in NiTi, graphene, and GUM metal endodontic files by finite element analysis. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:108017. [PMID: 38295470 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the behavior of graphene and GUM in terms of cyclic fatigue resistance and torsion through a finite element analysis on a file with an eccentric rectangular cross section and variable taper, and on a file with a centered triangular cross section, constant taper, and constant pitch. METHODS Root canals and endodontic files were created using Catia V5R21 software. For torsional analysis, the tip of the file was fixed at 1 and 3 mm, and a moment of 2.5 N-mm was generated at the handle. For the bending analysis in curved canals (45° and 60°), the handle was kept fixed and a force of 1 N was applied at the tip while the file was kept fixed at 9 mm. RESULTS GUM metal instruments showed better torsional resistance. On the other hand, NiTi and graphene performed better under the applied loads during flexion at 45° and 60°. CONCLUSION GUM metal is emerging as a promising material in the field of endodontic instrument design due to its physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Díaz-Flores García
- Department of Pre-Clinic Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Pimienta Vázquez
- Department of Clinic Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Tejedor
- Department of Clinic Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Pre-Clinic Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Freire
- Department of Pre-Clinic Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
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Kucher M, Dannemann M, Modler N, Böhm R, Hannig C, Kühne MT. Determination of a Representative and 3D-Printable Root Canal Geometry for Endodontic Investigations and Pre-Clinical Endodontic Training-An Ex Vivo Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050133. [PMID: 37232784 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Models of artificial root canals are used in several fields of endodontic investigations and pre-clinical endodontic training. They allow the physical testing of dental treatments, the operating of instruments used and the interaction between these instruments and the tissues. Currently, a large number of different artificial root canal models exist whose geometry is created either on the basis of selected natural root canal systems or to represent individual geometrical properties. Currently, only a few geometric properties such as the root canal curvature or the endodontic working width are taken into consideration when generating these models. To improve the representational capability of the artificial root canal models, the aim of the current study is therefore to generate an artificial root canal based on the statistical evaluation of selected natural root canals. Here, the approach introduced by Kucher for determining the geometry of a root canal model is used, which is based on the measurement and statistical evaluation of the root canal center line's curvatures and their cross-sectional dimensions. Using the example of unbranched distal root canals of mandibular molars (n = 29), an artificial root canal model representing the mean length, curvature, torsion and cross-sectional dimensions of these teeth could be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kucher
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Engineering, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, 08056 Zwickau, Germany
| | - Niels Modler
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Böhm
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Kühne
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Roda-Casanova V, Pérez-González A, Zubizarreta-Macho A, Faus-Matoses V. Influence of Cross-Section and Pitch on the Mechanical Response of NiTi Endodontic Files under Bending and Torsional Conditions—A Finite Element Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092642. [PMID: 35566767 PMCID: PMC9101501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the effects of cross-section and pitch on the mechanical response of NiTi endodontic files is studied by means of finite element analyses. The study was conducted over a set of eight endodontic rotary files, whose geometry was obtained from combinations of two cross-sections(square and triangular) and four pitches. Each file was subjected to bending and torsional analyses, simulating the testing conditions indicated in the ISO 3630 Standard, in order to assess their stiffness and mechanical strength. The results indicate that endodontic files with a square cross-section have double the stiffness of those with triangular cross-sections, both in terms of bending and torsion. For both loading modes, endodontic files with a triangular cross-section can undergo larger deformations before overload failure than those with a square cross-section: up to 20% more in bending and 40% in torsion. Moreover, under equivalent boundary conditions, endodontic files with triangular cross-sections present a higher fatigue life than those with square cross-sections: up to more than 300% higher for small pitches. The effect of pitch on the stiffness and strength of the file is smaller than that of the cross-section shape, but smaller pitches could be beneficial when using a triangularcross-section, as they increase the bending flexibility, fatigue life, and torsion stiffness. These results suggest a clinical recommendation for the use of files with a triangular-shaped cross-section and a small pitch in order to minimize ledging and maximize fatigue life. Finally, in this study, we reveal the sensitivity of the orientation of files with respect to the bending direction, which must be taken into account when designing, reporting, and interpreting test results under such loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Roda-Casanova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (V.R.-C.); (A.P.-G.)
| | - Antonio Pérez-González
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (V.R.-C.); (A.P.-G.)
| | - Alvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Dentistry, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Vicente Faus-Matoses
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Special Issue “The State of the Art in Endodontics”. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092329. [PMID: 35566459 PMCID: PMC9105845 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the term “modern endodontics” is used more often due to contemporary applied science and original materials that have been developed in recent years [...]
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