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You Y, Park JS, Min JH, Jeong W, Ahn HJ, In YN, Jeon SY, Lee JK, Kang C. Blood-brain barrier permeability for the first 24 hours in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2024; 198:110150. [PMID: 38401708 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and intracranial pressure (ICP) for the first 24 h after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and their association with injury severity of cardiac arrest. METHODS This prospective study analysed the BBB permeability assessed using the albumin quotient (Qa) and ICP every 2 h for the first 24 h after ROSC. The injury severity of cardiac arrest was assessed using Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) scores. The primary outcome was the time course of changes in the BBB permeability and ICP for the first 24 h after ROSC and their association with injury severity (PCAC scores of 1-4). RESULTS Qa and ICP were measured 274 and 197 times, respectively, in 32 enrolled patients. Overall, the BBB permeability increased progressively over time after ROSC, and then it increased significantly at 18 h after ROSC compared with the baseline. In contrast, the ICP revealed non-significant changes for the first 24 h after ROSC. The Qa in the PCAC 2 group was < 0.01, indicating normal or mild BBB disruption at all time points, whereas the PCAC 3 and 4 groups showed a significant increase in BBB permeability at 14 and 22 h, and 12 and 14 h after ROSC, respectively. CONCLUSION BBB permeability increased progressively over time for the first 24 h after ROSC despite post-resuscitation care, whereas ICP did not change over time. BBB permeability has an individual pattern when stratified by injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonho You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoon Jeong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joon Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Nam In
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Jeon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Changshin Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282 Mokdong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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In YN, Kim HI, Park JS, Kang C, You Y, Min JH, Lee D, Lee IH, Jeong HS, Lee BK, Lee JK. Association between quantitative analysis of cerebral edema using CT imaging and neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest survivors. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 78:22-28. [PMID: 38181542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine if the density distribution proportion of Hounsfield unit (HUdp) in head computed tomography (HCT) images can be used to quantitatively measure cerebral edema in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS This retrospective observational study included adult comatose OHCA survivors who underwent HCT within 6 h (first) and 72-96 h (second), all performed using the same CT scanner. Semi-automated quantitative analysis was used to identify differences in HUdp at specific HU ranges across the intracranial component based on neurological outcome. Cerebral edema was defined as the increased displacement of the sum of HUdp values (ΔHUdp) at a specific range between two HCT scans. Poor neurological outcome was defined as cerebral performance categories 3-5 at 6 months after OHCA. RESULTS Twenty-three (42%) out of 55 patients had poor neurological outcome. Significant HUdp differences were observed between good and poor neurological outcomes in the second HCT scan at HU = 1-14, 23-35, and 39-56 (all P < 0.05). Only the ΔHUdp = 23-35 range showed a significant increase and correlation in the poor neurological outcome group (4.90 vs. -0.72, P < 0.001) with the sum of decreases in the other two ranges (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between ΔHUdp = 23-35 range and poor neurological outcomes (adjusted OR, 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.24; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION In this cohort study, the increased displacement in ΔHUdp = 23-35 range is independently associated with poor neurological outcome and provides a quantitative assessment of cerebral edema formation in OHCA survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Nam In
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Il Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changshin Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoung Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Lee
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 266, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National Univesity Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Srinivasan V, Hall J, Wahlster S, Johnson NJ, Branch K. Associations between clinical characteristics of cardiac arrest and early CT head findings of hypoxic ischaemic brain injury following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2023; 190:109858. [PMID: 37270091 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Post-cardiac arrest patients are vulnerable to hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HIBI), but HIBI may not be identified until computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain is obtained post-resuscitation and stabilization. We aimed to evaluate the association of clinical arrest characteristics with early CT findings of HIBI to identify those at the highest risk for HIBI. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients who underwent whole-body imaging. Head CT reports were analyzed with an emphasis on findings suggestive of HIBI; HIBI was present if any of the following were noted on the neuroradiologist read: global cerebral oedema, sulcal effacement, blurred grey-white junction, and ventricular compression. The primary exposure was duration of cardiac arrest. Secondary exposures included age, cardiac vs noncardiac etiology, and witnessed vs unwitnessed arrest. The primary outcome was CT findings of HIBI. RESULTS A total of 180 patients (average age 54 years, 32% female, 71% White, 53% witnessed arrest, 32% cardiac etiology of arrest, mean CPR duration of 15 ± 10 minutes) were included in this analysis. CT findings of HIBI were seen in 47 (48.3%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between CPR duration and HIBI (adjusted OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.11, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Signs of HIBI are commonly seen on CT head within 6 hours of OHCA, occurring in approximately half of patients, and are associated with CPR duration. Determining risk factors for abnormal CT findings can help clinically identify patients at higher risk for HIBI and target interventions appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasisht Srinivasan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Jane Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Sarah Wahlster
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nicholas J Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kelley Branch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
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Elmer J, Callaway CW. Temperature control after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2023; 189:109882. [PMID: 37355091 PMCID: PMC10530429 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Managing temperature is an important part of post-cardiac arrest care. Fever or hyperthermia during the first few days after cardiac arrest is associated with worse outcomes in many studies. Clinical data have not determined any target temperature or duration of temperature management that clearly improves patient outcomes. Current guidelines and recent reviews recommend controlling temperature to prevent hyperthermia. Higher temperatures can lead to secondary brain injury by increasing seizures, brain edema and metabolic demand. Some data suggest that targeting temperature below normal could benefit select patients where this pathology is common. Clinical temperature management should address the physiology of heat balance. Core temperature reflects the heat content of the head and torso, and changes in core temperature result from changes in the balance of heat production and heat loss. Clinical management of patients after cardiac arrest should include measurement of core temperature at accurate sites and monitoring signs of heat production including shivering. Multiple methods can increase or decrease heat loss, including external and internal devices. Heat loss can trigger compensatory reflexes that increase stress and metabolic demand. Therefore, any active temperature management should include specific pharmacotherapy or other interventions to control thermogenesis, especially shivering. More research is required to determine whether individualized temperature management can improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Elmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Kang C, Min JH, Park JS, You Y, Jeong W, Ahn HJ, In YN, Lee IH, Jeong HS, Lee BK, Jeong J. Association of ultra-early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with neurological outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care 2023; 27:16. [PMID: 36639809 PMCID: PMC9837995 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between ultra-early (within 6 h after return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC]) brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and neurological outcomes in comatose survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS We conducted a registry-based observational study from May 2018 to February 2022 at a Chungnam national university hospital in Daejeon, Korea. Presence of high-signal intensity (HSI) (PHSI) was defined as a HSI on DW-MRI with corresponding hypoattenuation on the apparent diffusion coefficient map irrespective of volume after hypoxic ischemic brain injury; absence of HSI was defined as AHSI. The primary outcome was the dichotomized cerebral performance category (CPC) at 6 months, defined as good (CPC 1-2) or poor (CPC 3-5). RESULTS Of the 110 patients (30 women [27.3%]; median (interquartile range [IQR]) age, 58 [38-69] years), 48 (43.6%) had a good neurological outcome, time from ROSC to MRI scan was 2.8 h (IQR 2.0-4.0 h), and the PHSI on DW-MRI was observed in 46 (41.8%) patients. No patients in the PHSI group had a good neurological outcome compared with 48 (75%) patients in the AHSI group. In the AHSI group, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were significantly lower in the group with good neurological outcome compared to the group with poor neurological outcome (20.1 [14.4-30.7] ng/mL vs. 84.3 [32.4-167.0] ng/mL, P < 0.001). The area under the curve for PHSI on DW-MRI was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-0.93), and the specificity and sensitivity for predicting a poor neurological outcome were 100% (95% CI 91.2%-100%) and 74.2% (95% CI 62.0-83.5%), respectively. A higher sensitivity was observed when CSF NSE levels were combined (88.7% [95% CI 77.1-95.1%]; 100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort study, PHSI findings on ultra-early DW-MRI were associated with poor neurological outcomes 6 months following the cardiac arrest. The combined CSF NSE levels showed higher sensitivity at 100% specificity than on DW-MRI alone. Prospective multicenter studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshin Kang
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho You
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoon Jeong
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joon Ahn
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Nam In
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Lee
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Jeong
- grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Jeong
- grid.255166.30000 0001 2218 7142Department of Emergency Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Lee S, You Y, Ahn HJ, Park JS, Jeong W, Kang C, Min JH, In YN. Comparison of intracranial pressure changes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with and without malignant blood-brain barrier disruption. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2022; 9:296-303. [PMID: 36624996 PMCID: PMC9834819 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.22.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, intracranial pressure (ICP) changes were investigated in out-ofhospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients with and without malignant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption who underwent target temperature management. METHODS This prospective, single-center, observational study was conducted from June 2019 to December 2021. ICP and albumin quotient values were measured on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of hospitalization. Malignant BBB disruption was defined as the sum of scores for the degree of BBB disruption ≥9 on days 1 to 4. RESULTS ICP in OHCA patients without malignant BBB disruption on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of hospitalization was 9.58±0.53, 12.32±0.65, 14.39±0.76, and 13.88±0.87 mmHg, respectively, and in OHCA patients with malignant BBB disruption 13.65±0.74, 15.72±0.67, 16.10±0.92, and 15.22±0.87 mmHg, respectively (P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.150, and P=0.280, respectively). The P-values of changes in ICP between days 1 and 2, days 2 and 3, and days 3 and 4 of hospitalization in OHCA patients without malignant BBB disruption were P<0.001, P=0.001, and P=0.540, respectively, and in OHCA patients with malignant BBB disruption were P=0.002, P=0.550, and P=0.100, respectively. CONCLUSION Among OHCA patients treated with target temperature management, ICP was higher on days 1 and 2 of hospitalization and an increase in ICP occurred earlier with malignant BBB disruption than without malignant BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoo Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeonho You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea,Correspondence to: Yeonho You Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea E-mail:
| | - Hong Joon Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Wonjoon Jeong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Changshin Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
| | - Yong Nam In
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
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Kwon SH, Oh SH, Jang J, Kim SH, Park KN, Youn CS, Kim HJ, Lim JY, Kim HJ, Bang HJ. Can Optic Nerve Sheath Images on a Thin-Slice Brain Computed Tomography Reconstruction Predict the Neurological Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest Survivors? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133677. [PMID: 35806962 PMCID: PMC9267811 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the prognostic performance of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) on thin-slice (0.6 mm) brain computed tomography (CT) reconstruction images as compared to routine-slice (4 mm) images. We conducted a retrospective analysis of brain CT images taken within 2 h after cardiac arrest. The maximal ONSD (mONSD) and optic nerve sheath area (ONSA) were measured on thin-slice images, and the routine ONSD (rONSD) and gray-to-white matter ratio (GWR) were measured on routine-slice images. We analyzed their area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and the cutoff values for predicting a poor 6-month neurological outcome (a cerebral performance category score of 3–5). Of the 159 patients analyzed, 113 patients had a poor outcome. There was no significant difference in rONSD between the outcome groups (p = 0.116). Compared to rONSD, mONSD (AUC 0.62, 95% CI: 0.54–0.70) and the ONSA (AUC 0.63, 95% CI: 0.55–0.70) showed better prognostic performance and had higher sensitivities to determine a poor outcome (mONSD, 20.4% [95% CI, 13.4–29.0]; ONSA, 16.8% [95% CI, 10.4–25.0]; rONSD, 7.1% [95% CI, 3.1–13.5]), with specificity of 95.7% (95% CI, 85.2–99.5). A combined cutoff value obtained by both the mONSD and GWR improved the sensitivity (31.0% [95% CI, 22.6–40.4]) of determining a poor outcome, while maintaining a high specificity. In conclusion, rONSD was clinically irrelevant, but the mONSD had an increased sensitivity in cutoff having acceptable specificity. Combination of the mONSD and GWR had an improved prognostic performance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kwon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Sang Hoon Oh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-1988; Fax: +82-2-2258-1997
| | - Jinhee Jang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea;
| | - Kyu Nam Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Chun Song Youn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Han Joon Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Jee Yong Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Hyo Joon Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Hyo Jin Bang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.H.K.); (K.N.P.); (C.S.Y.); (H.J.K.); (J.Y.L.); (H.J.K.); (H.J.B.)
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