Revision of Carpal Tunnel Surgery

Revision Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: An Update on Technique and Outcomes

Background

Carpal tunnel release is among the most frequently conducted upper extremity procedures. While it typically provides patients with improved sensation, decreased pain, and improved function, a small percentage of cases require revision due to failed initial surgery. Consequently, adoption of endoscopic techniques for carpal tunnel revision procedures is beginning to be explored.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of postoperative clinical visits and patient-reported outcome measures for four patients who had undergone five endoscopic revision carpal tunnel release procedures (one patient had bilateral disease). All five cases had symptoms consistent with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome.

Results

One hundred percent (5 of 5) of cases resulted in patients reporting symptom improvement. Postoperative clinical visits and improved patient-reported outcome measures (QuickDash, PROMIS Upper Extremity, VAS Pain, PSEQ, PHQ, and Surgery Satisfaction) scores from baseline to 6 weeks demonstrated successful postoperative function and symptom resolution. Five of five cases resulted in patients resuming normal activities without restrictions within 1-5 weeks, with an average of 3.4 weeks.

Conclusions

Preliminary findings suggest the endoscopic revision procedure may be safe and effective for patients with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, extending the indications to include scars proximal to the wrist crease. Moreover, this minimally invasive procedure facilitates a transition back to normal activities and avoids incisions on weight-bearing surfaces of the palm. Adopting endoscopic revision may reduce the need for prolonged postoperative care and physical therapy. However, due to the limited sample size of five patients, further investigation with larger cohorts is warranted to confirm these observations.

State of the art review. Upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery

Although surgical release of upper extremity nerve compression syndromes is highly effective, persistence or recurrence of symptoms and signs may occur. Thorough investigation is necessary in this situation before treatment is recommended. If the symptoms cannot be explained by other pathology than compression of the affected nerve and if conservative management has not provided improvement, reoperation may be considered. This review provides an overview of the diagnostic and surgical considerations in the revision of carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome.Level of evidence: V.

Identifying anatomic landmarks and median nerve characteristics for the analysis of persistent carpal tunnel syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

OBJECTIVE

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common nerve entrapment neuropathy in the USA. In this study, we define anatomical landmarks to assess symptomatic and asymptomatic cohorts with persistent CTS using MRI imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Distal vs proximal incomplete release was determined using the distal most aspect of the hook of hamate and the distal wrist crease. An incomplete release showed the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) intact at either boundary. Twenty-one patients with persistent CTS were analyzed for incomplete release, median nerve enlargement and T2 signal hyperintensity, and flattening ratio using postoperative wrist MRI. These findings were compared to a ten-patient asymptomatic persistent CTS control group. Fisher's exact and a Student's two-tailed t-tests were used to determine statistical significance.

RESULTS

In the symptomatic persistent CTS group, 13 (61.9%) incomplete releases were identified, 5 (38.5%) incomplete distally, and 1 (7.7%) incomplete proximally. There was no statistical significance in the rate of incomplete releases when compared to the asymptomatic group (p = 1.00). T2 signal hyperintensity and enlargement at the site of release showed no statistical significance, (p = 0.319 and p = 0.999, respectively). The mean flattening ratio at the site of release in the symptomatic group (2.45 ± 0.7) was statistically significant compared to the asymptomatic group (1.48 ± 0.46), (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSION

Utilizing the established landmarks, the full length of the TCL can be assessed via MRI. Additionally, evaluation of the median nerve flattening ratio at the level of the incomplete release may be utilized as an aid to the clinical management of persistent CTS.

State of the art review. Complications after carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel release (CTR) is the most performed surgery of the upper extremity. It is effective but not without complications. This state-of-the-art review covers most common intra- and postoperative complications after CTR. As endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) has developed over time, severe complications, such as nerve lesions, have diminished. ECTR still has a higher risk on transient nerve lesions. Open CTR on the other hand has a higher incidence of wound-related problems, including scar tenderness, irrespective of incision used. Most complications, such as pillar pain and infection, are ill-defined in the literature, leaving the exact incidence unknown and proposing challenges in treatment. The same is true for failure of treatment. Optimizing the length and location of incisions has played a vital role in reducing intra- and postoperative complications in CTR. It is expected that technical advances, such as ultrasound-guided percutaneous carpal tunnel release, will continue to play a role in the future.Level of evidence: V.

Current Insights into Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Strategies for Prevention and Treatment

BACKGROUND

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that is caused by medial nerve compression, resulting in symptoms such as numbness, tightness, or weakness in the hand.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to find out the genetic modulation, mechanism, available treatment, and recommendation for carpal tunnel syndrome at its specific stage.

METHODS

Almost 200 papers were searched for this review article, and 145 articles were selected. The literature was collected from different sources like Google scholar, PubMed, a directory of open-access journals, and science.gov by using keywords, such as treatment, risk factors, recommendation, and clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome.

RESULTS

The most efficient non-surgical treatment is methylprednisolone acetate, which reduces inflammation by acting on the glucocorticoid receptor in conjunction with immunofilling. It has also been used successfully as a second-line drug for the treatment of patients with mild or moderate conditions in order to provide relief. New non-pharmacological options include laser therapy in acupuncture, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), and sham therapy. Modern treatments like TENS, laser therapy, splints, and injections of methylprednisolone acetate have been demonstrated to be helpful in sporadic situations. For patients with mild and moderate problems, more research should be conducted that includes the combination of these surgical and non-surgical treatments.

CONCLUSION

We propose a multifunctional panel construct and define standard data items for future research into carpal tunnel syndrome. A discussion on idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, risk factors, combination of therapies, using guidelines-based recommendations and treatment should be initiated.

Shielding the Nerve: A Systematic Review of Nerve Wrapping to Prevent Adhesions in the Rat Sciatic Nerve Model

BACKGROUND

Peripheral nerve pathology is frequently encountered in clinical practice among peripheral nerve and extremity surgeons. One major factor limiting nerve regeneration and possibly leading to revision surgeries is the development of traumatic or postoperative adhesions and scarring around nerves. In experimental models, different materials have been studied to limit scar tissue formation when wrapped around nerves.

METHODS

A systematic review of studies describing nerve-wrapping materials in a non-transectional rat sciatic nerve model was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Literature describing nerve-wrapping methods for the prevention of peripheral nerve scarring in rat sciatic nerve models was identified using PubMed and Web of Science, scanned for relevance and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 15 original articles describing 23 different materials or material combinations for nerve wrapping were included. The heterogeneity of the methods used did not allow a meta-analysis, thus, a systematic review was performed. Out of 28 intervention groups, 21 demonstrated a preventive effect on scar tissue formation in at least one qualitative or quantitative assessment method.

CONCLUSIONS

The analyzed literature describes a variety of materials from different origins to limit peripheral nerve scarring and adhesions. Thus, a scar-preventive effect by wrapping peripheral nerves as adhesion prophylaxis seems likely. However, a quantitative comparison of the studies to identify the optimal material or technique is not possible with the diversity of used models and study designs. Therefore, further research needs to be performed to identify the optimal nerve wraps to be used routinely in clinical practice.

Persistent Pain as an Early Indicator for Operative Carpal Tunnel Revision after Primary Release: A Retrospective Analysis of Recurrent and Persistent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Prolonged symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) after primary carpal tunnel release (CTR) can reduce the quality of life and lead to multiple referrals across specialties. The following study aimed to identify differences in symptoms, signs, and intraoperative findings between recurrent and persistent CTS cases to avoid undesired outcomes after primary CTR.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on revision CTRs performed between 2005 and 2015 using literature-based definitions for recurrent (a relapse of symptoms occurs following a symptom-free period of ≥3 months) and persistent (symptoms persisting longer than three months after surgical release) CTS. The parameters assessed were symptoms, clinical signs, and intraoperative findings.

RESULTS

Out of 53 cases, 85% (n = 45) were external referrals, whereby our own revision rate was 0.67% (n = 8/1199). Paresthesia and numbness were frequent in both groups; however, abnormal postoperative pain was reported more often in persistent cases (86%; n = 30/35) in comparison to recurrent cases (50%; n = 9/18; p = 0.009). Scarring around the median nerve was observed in almost all recurrent cases (94%; n = 17/18) and in 40% (n = 14/35) of persistent cases (p < 0.001). Incomplete division of the palmar ligament was the primary cause for revision in the persistent cohort (49%; n = 17/35).

CONCLUSIONS

For patients experiencing symptoms for more than three months after CTR, primarily presenting as pain, it is advisable to consider referring the patient to a certified hand clinic for additional evaluation.

Iatrogenic median and ulnar nerve injuries during carpal tunnel release: clinical, electrodiagnostic, and ultrasound features in 12 patients. Patient series

BACKGROUND

Nerve injuries during carpal tunnel release (CTR) are rare. Electrodiagnostic (EDX) and ultrasound (US) studies may be helpful in evaluating iatrogenic nerve injuries during CTR.

OBSERVATIONS

Nine patients sustained a median nerve injury, and 3 patients experienced ulnar nerve damage. Decreased sensation occurred in 11 patients, and dysesthesia occurred in 1 patient. Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) weakness occurred in all patients with median nerve injury. Of the 9 patients with median nerve injury, the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the APB and sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) of the 2nd or 3rd digit were not recordable in 6 and 5 patients, respectively. Of the 3 patients sustaining ulnar nerve injuries, the CMAPs of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and SNAPs of the 5th digit were not recordable in 1 patient; 2 patients showed prolonged latency and decreased amplitude of CMAPs/SNAPs. US studies of 8 patients with a median nerve injury showed a neuroma within the carpal tunnel. One patient underwent surgical repair urgently, and 6 did so after variable intervals.

LESSONS

Surgeons should be cognizant of nerve injuries during CTR. EDX and US studies are useful in evaluating iatrogenic nerve injuries during CTR.

Update on surgical procedures for carpal tunnel syndrome: What is the current evidence and practice? What are the future research directions?

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a multifactorial compression neuropathy. It is reported to be very common and rising globally. CTS’s treatment varies from conservative measures to surgical treatments. Surgery has shown to be an effective method for more severe cases. However few unclear aspects and room for further research and improvements still remains. We performed a narrative literature review on the most up to date progress and innovation in terms of surgical treatments for CTS. The simple algorithm of leaving the choice of the surgical method to surgeons’ preference and experience (together with consideration of patients’ related factors) seem to be the best available option, which is supported by the most recent metanalysis and systematic reviews. We suggest that surgeons (unless in presence of precise indications towards endoscopic release) should tend to perform a minimally invasive open approach release, favoring the advantage of a better neurovascular structures visualization (and a consequent higher chance to perform a complete release with long term relief of symptoms) instead of favoring an early reduction (in the first postoperative days) of immobilization and pain. Research towards a universally accepted standardization should be aimed for by the researchers, who have failed to date to sufficiently limit bias and limitations.

Recent Research Provides Significant New Information about Predisposing Factors, Diagnostic Practices, and Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

This current Special Issue of JCM will highlight some of the latest studies on carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) [...]