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Kiełbowski K, Bakinowska E, Procyk G, Ziętara M, Pawlik A. The Role of MicroRNA in the Pathogenesis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6108. [PMID: 38892293 PMCID: PMC11172814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked progressive disorder associated with muscle wasting and degeneration. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton with cell membrane proteins. The current treatment methods aim to relieve the symptoms of the disease or partially rescue muscle functionality. However, they are insufficient to suppress disease progression. In recent years, studies have uncovered an important role for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating the progression of numerous diseases. ncRNAs, such as micro-RNAs (miRNAs), bind to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to suppress translation. Understanding the mechanisms involving dysregulated miRNAs can improve diagnosis and suggest novel treatment methods for patients with DMD. This review presents the available evidence on the role of altered expression of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of DMD. We discuss the involvement of these molecules in the processes associated with muscle physiology and DMD-associated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Ziętara
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.Z.)
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Pedersen OB, Hvas AM, Pasalic L, Kristensen SD, Grove EL, Nissen PH. Platelet Function and Maturity and Related microRNA Expression in Whole Blood in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:192-202. [PMID: 37846463 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced effect of antiplatelet therapy has been reported in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). MicroRNAs (miRs) may influence platelet function and maturity, and subsequently the effect of antiplatelet therapy. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the association between miR expression and platelet function and maturity in patients with acute STEMI and healthy individuals. METHODS We performed an observational study of STEMI patients admitted directly to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were treated with antiplatelet therapy according to guidelines. Within 24 hours after admission, blood samples were obtained to measure: the expression of 10 candidate miRs, platelet function markers using advanced flow cytometry, platelet aggregation, serum thromboxane B2, and platelet maturity markers. Furthermore, blood samples from healthy individuals were obtained to determine the normal variation. RESULTS In total, 61 STEMI patients and 50 healthy individuals were included. STEMI patients had higher expression of miR-21-5p, miR-26b-5p, and miR-223-3p and lower expression of miR-150-5p, miR423-5p, and miR-1180-3p than healthy individuals. In STEMI patients, the expression of miR-26b-5p showed the most consistent association with platelet function (all p-values <0.05, Spearman's rho ranging from 0.27 to 0.41), while the expression of miR-150-5p and miR-223-3p showed negative associations with platelet function. No association between miR expression and platelet maturity markers was observed. CONCLUSION In patients with STEMI, the expression of six miRs was significantly different from healthy individuals. The expression of miR-26b-5p may affect platelet function in acute STEMI patients and potentially influence the effect of antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Buchhave Pedersen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Leonardo Pasalic
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steen Dalby Kristensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Lerkevang Grove
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter H Nissen
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Grodzka O, Procyk G, Wrzosek M. A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1413-1423. [PMID: 38392209 PMCID: PMC10887635 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization's statement, myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardium disease. Although an endometrial biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard, it is an invasive procedure, and thus, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has become more widely used and is called a non-invasive diagnostic gold standard. Myocarditis treatment is challenging, with primarily symptomatic therapies. An increasing number of studies are searching for novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that decrease gene expression by inhibiting the translation or promoting the degradation of complementary mRNAs. Their role in different fields of medicine has been recently extensively studied. This review discusses all relevant preclinical in vitro studies regarding microRNAs in myocarditis. We searched the PubMed database, and after excluding unsuitable studies and clinical and preclinical in vivo trials, we included and discussed 22 preclinical in vitro studies in this narrative review. Several microRNAs presented altered levels in myocarditis patients in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, microRNAs influenced inflammation, cell apoptosis, and viral replication. Finally, microRNAs were also found to determine the level of myocardial damage. Further studies may show the vital role of microRNAs as novel therapeutic agents or diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in myocarditis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 80 Ceglowska St., 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 81 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 81 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Gumiężna K, Bednarek A, Sygitowicz G, Maciejak-Jastrzębska A, Baruś P, Hunia J, Klimczak-Tomaniak D, Kochman J, Grabowski M, Tomaniak M. Platelet microRNAs as Potential Novel Biomarkers for Antiplatelet Therapy with P2Y 12 Inhibitors and Their Association with Platelet Function. J Clin Med 2023; 13:63. [PMID: 38202070 PMCID: PMC10780110 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) require dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, the response to treatment can vary considerably. Certain platelet microRNAs (miRs) are suspected to predict DAPT response and influence platelet function. This study aimed to analyze selected miRs' expressions and compare them among patients treated with different P2Y12 inhibitors while assessing their association with platelet activity and turnover parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 79 ACS patients post-PCI treated with clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or prasugrel, along with 18 healthy volunteers. Expression levels of miR-126-3p, miR223-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-197-3p, and miR-24-3p, as well as immature platelet fraction (IPF) and ADP-induced platelet reactivity, were measured and compared between groups. RESULTS Analyses revealed significantly lower expressions of miR-126-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-197-3p in patients treated with ticagrelor, compared to clopidogrel (fold changes from -1.43 to -1.27, p-values from 0.028 to 0.048). Positive correlations were observed between platelet function and the expressions of miR-223-3p (r = 0.400, p = 0.019) and miR-21-5p (r = 0.423, p = 0.013) in patients treated with potent drugs. Additionally, miR-24-3p (r = 0.411, p = 0.012) and miR-197-3p (r = 0.333, p = 0.044) showed correlations with IPF. CONCLUSIONS The identified platelet miRs hold potential as biomarkers for antiplatelet therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT06177587).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gumiężna
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Adrian Bednarek
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Grażyna Sygitowicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.S.); (A.M.-J.)
| | - Agata Maciejak-Jastrzębska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.S.); (A.M.-J.)
| | - Piotr Baruś
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Jaromir Hunia
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Dominika Klimczak-Tomaniak
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kochman
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
| | - Mariusz Tomaniak
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
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Procyk G, Grodzka O, Procyk M, Gąsecka A, Głuszek K, Wrzosek M. MicroRNAs in Myocarditis-Review of the Preclinical In Vivo Trials. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2723. [PMID: 37893097 PMCID: PMC10604573 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease with viruses as the most common cause. Regardless of multiple studies that have recently been conducted, the diagnostic options still need to be improved. Although endomyocardial biopsy is known as a diagnostic gold standard, it is invasive and, thus, only sometimes performed. Novel techniques of cardiac magnetic resonance are not readily available. Therapy in viral infections is based mainly on symptomatic treatment, while steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins are used in autoimmune myocarditis. The effectiveness of neither of these methods has been explicitly proven to date. Therefore, novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are highly needed. MiRNAs are small, non-coding molecules that regulate fundamental cell functions, including differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. They present altered levels in different diseases, including myocarditis. Numerous studies investigating the role of miRNAs in myocarditis have already been conducted. In this review, we discussed only the original preclinical in vivo research. We eventually included 30 studies relevant to the discussed area. The altered miRNA levels have been observed, including upregulation and downregulation of different miRNAs in the mice models of myocarditis. Furthermore, the administration of mimics or inhibitors of particular miRNAs was shown to significantly influence inflammation, morphology, and function of the heart and overall survival. Finally, some studies presented prospective advantages in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Procyk
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Głuszek
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Grodzka O, Słyk S, Domitrz I. The Role of MicroRNA in Migraine: A Systemic Literature Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3315-3327. [PMID: 37432603 PMCID: PMC10477106 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, affecting about 14% of the population. Importantly, it was indicated as the second cause of disability globally and the leading cause among young women. Despite the widespread prevalence, migraine remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. The possible solution may be microRNAs-small, non-coding molecules. Until now, multiple studies have shown the great value of microRNA in both the diagnosis and treatment of different human diseases. Furthermore, a significant role in neurological disorders has been suggested. Little research regarding the utility of microRNA in migraine has been conducted, however, the results so far appear to be promising. We performed an electronic article search through PubMed and Embase Database to further explore the topic. After the analysis, according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we included 21 studies. The dysregulation was observed in migraine in general, as well as in different types and phases; thus, miRNAs emerge as promising diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, some studies showed the influence of the intervention with miRNA levels on neuroinflammation and the expression of peptides, which are crucial in migraine pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in migraine and encourage to further research in this field.Kindly check and confirm the edit made in the title.I checked and confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ceglowska 80, 01-809, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Słyk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ceglowska 80, 01-809, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Domitrz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ceglowska 80, 01-809, Warsaw, Poland
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Kabłak-Ziembicka A, Badacz R, Okarski M, Wawak M, Przewłocki T, Podolec J. Cardiac microRNAs: diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Arch Med Sci 2023; 19:1360-1381. [PMID: 37732050 PMCID: PMC10507763 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/169775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding post-translational biomolecules which, when expressed, modify their target genes. It is estimated that microRNAs regulate production of approximately 60% of all human proteins and enzymes that are responsible for major physiological processes. In cardiovascular disease pathophysiology, there are several cells that produce microRNAs, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets, and cardiomyocytes. There is a constant crosstalk between microRNAs derived from various cell sources. Atherosclerosis initiation and progression are driven by many pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic microRNAs. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the leading cause of cardiovascular death resulting from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and leads to cardiac remodeling and fibrosis following ACS. MicroRNAs are powerful modulators of plaque progression and transformation into a vulnerable state, which can eventually lead to plaque rupture. There is a growing body of evidence which demonstrates that following ACS, microRNAs might inhibit fibroblast proliferation and scarring, as well as harmful apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and stimulate fibroblast reprogramming into induced cardiac progenitor cells. In this review, we focus on the role of cardiomyocyte-derived and cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNAs that are involved in the regulation of genes associated with cardiomyocyte and fibroblast function and in atherosclerosis-related cardiac ischemia. Understanding their mechanisms may lead to the development of microRNA cocktails that can potentially be used in regenerative cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabłak-Ziembicka
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory, the John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Badacz
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, the John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Okarski
- Student Scientific Group of Modern Cardiac Therapy at the Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wawak
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, the John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Przewłocki
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory, the John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Podolec
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, the John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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Krauze A, Procyk G, Gąsecka A, Garstka-Pacak I, Wrzosek M. The Role of MicroRNAs in Aortic Stenosis-Lessons from Recent Clinical Research Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13095. [PMID: 37685901 PMCID: PMC10487683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent primary valve lesion demanding intervention. Two main treatment options are surgical aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve implantation. There is an unmet need for biomarkers that could predict treatment outcomes and become a helpful tool in guiding Heart Team in the decision-making process. Micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs/miRs) have emerged as potential biomarkers thoroughly studied in recent years. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in AS based on human subject research. Much research investigating miRNAs' role in AS has been conducted so far. We included 32 original human subject research relevant to the discussed field. Most of the presented miRNAs were studied only by a single research group. Nevertheless, several miRNAs appeared more than once, sometimes with high consistency between different studies but sometimes with apparent discrepancies. The molecular aspects of diseases are doubtlessly exciting and provide invaluable insights into the pathophysiology. Nevertheless, translating these findings, regarding biomarkers such as miRNAs, into clinical practice requires much effort, time, and further research with a focus on validating existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krauze
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Garstka-Pacak
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (I.G.-P.)
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Autoantibodies in Atrial Fibrillation-State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031852. [PMID: 36768174 PMCID: PMC9916061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this disease at both molecular and cellular levels. There is increasing evidence suggesting that autoimmunity is an important factor in the initiation and perpetuation of AF. Autoantibodies are thought to play a pivotal role in the regulation of heart rhythm and the conduction system and, therefore, are associated with AF development. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge concerning the role of autoantibodies in AF development as well as their prognostic and predictive value in this disease. The establishment of the autoantibody profile of separate AF patient groups may appear to be crucial in terms of developing novel treatment approaches for those patients; however, the exact role of various autoantibodies in AF is still a matter of ongoing debate.
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Grodzka O, Procyk G, Gąsecka A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis-What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416022. [PMID: 36555663 PMCID: PMC9783955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with a viral infection as the most common cause. It affects most commonly young adults. Although endomyocardial biopsy and cardiac magnetic resonance are used in the diagnosis, neither of them demonstrates all the required qualities. There is a clear need for a non-invasive, generally available diagnostic tool that will still remain highly specific and sensitive. These requirements could be possibly met by microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), which are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate many fundamental cell functions. They can be isolated from cells, tissues, or body fluids. Recently, several clinical studies have shown the deregulation of different miRNAs in myocarditis. The phase of the disease has also been evidenced to influence miRNA levels. These changes have been observed both in adult and pediatric patients. Some studies have revealed a correlation between the change in particular miRNA concentration and the degree of cardiac damage and inflammation. All of this indicates miRNAs as potential novel biomarkers in the diagnosis of myocarditis, as well as a prognostic tool for this condition. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in myocarditis based on the results of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-723-488-305
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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