Test-Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the 3 m Backward Walk Test under Single and Dual-Task Conditions in Women with Fibromyalgia

Measurement properties of the backward walk test in people with balance and mobility deficits: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Backward walking is an indispensable component of activities of daily living. The backward walk test has been used to assess balance, mobility, and fall risk in different populations. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize measurement properties of the backward walk test in people with balance and mobility deficits.

METHODS

Three bibliographic databases, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, were searched on June 18th, 2023. Cross-sectional or cohort studies assessing the measurement properties (reliability, validity, responsiveness) of the backward walk test were included. The COSMIN risk of bias checklist was used for methodological quality assessment. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed by two reviewers independently and in duplicate.

RESULTS

A total of 786 records were identified from three databases. Fourteen studies published from 2019 to 2023 with a total of 853 participants were included. Two studies were rated inadequate in quality assessment, all other studies demonstrated adequate to very good quality. The participants population included patients with cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, fibromyalgia, hip and knee arthroplasty, dementia, and community-dwelling older adults. Good interrater and intrarater reliability, and moderate to good concurrent validity of the backward walk test were demonstrated.

SIGNIFICANCE

The review demonstrates that the backward walk test appears to be a valid and reliable tool in different patient populations. The 3-meter backward walk time and 3-meter backward walk speed can be used as outcome measures in clinical practice to assess balance and mobility and track progress throughout the course of physical rehabilitation. Future studies with a prospective cohort design are required to provide information regarding the predictive validity of the backward walk test for fall risk assessment.

Test-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Strength in Lower Limbs under Single and Dual Task Conditions in Women with Fibromyalgia

Background: Previous research has established good test-retest reliability for isokinetic dynamometry in fibromyalgia. However, the reliability of this test under dual-task conditions has not been investigated in fibromyalgia. Methods: A total of 10 women with fibromyalgia participated in this study. Participants completed the concentric/concentric test. The dual-task condition involved subtracting two by two while performing the test. Results: Reliability analysis under the single condition showed "poor" to "excellent" values for maximum peak torque in knee extension and "moderate" to "excellent" values for average. "Poor" to "excellent" reliability values were found in knee flexion for the maximum and average. Dual-task condition in knee extension ranged from "moderate" to "excellent" for maximum and average values, and in knee flexion, it ranged from "poor" to "excellent" for maximum value and from "moderate" to "excellent" for average value. Conclusions: Isokinetic dynamometry demonstrated sufficient reliability for measuring strength in knee extension maximum and average during single-task and dual-task conditions, along with knee flexion dual-task average in fibromyalgia. For knee flexion single-task maximum and average and knee flexion dual-task maximum, we did not obtain sufficiently reliable measurements. Only the concentric/concentric test has been studied, and future studies with a larger sample size are needed in order to generalize the results.

Balance assessment under dual task conditions in patients with total knee arthroplasty: a test-retest reliability and concurrent validity study

BACKGROUND

Under dual-task (DT), functional mobility and balance testing can detect balance and mobility problems in activities of daily living, especially in situations that cannot be identified under single-task conditions.

OBJECTIVE

Determine the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Four Square Step Test (FSST) under DT conditions for people with total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

METHOD

A total of 30 patients with TKA participated in this research, and patients were tested with the FSST under DT conditions. In addition, concurrent validity of the dual-task FSST was calculated using Timed Up and Go (TUG) under the single-task condition and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Knee Score. Patients performed two FSST trials on the same day under DT conditions.

RESULTS

The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) two-way random effects model, and minimal detectable changes with 95% confidence intervals (MDC95) values of the FSST under DT conditions were .97 and 3.43, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of the FSST with the TUG and HSS was .65 and -.40, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The FSST has been found to be a reliable and valid clinical assessment tool for dynamic balance under DT conditions in patients with TKA. For identify balance disorders in daily life at early points, clinicians and researchers can use the FSST under DT conditions in TKA.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT06108466.

Reference Values for 3-Meter Backward Walk Test among Apparently Healthy Adults

OBJECTIVE

The 3-meter backward walk (3MBW) test is an outcome performance measure to assess backward walking mobility, balance, and risk of fall. However, the lack of baseline values is a potential limitation for its use as a rehabilitation target value or predictor of outcomes. This study aimed at ascertaining a gender- and age-reference value of 3MBW and determining its correlation with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables.

METHODS

A total of 1,601 Nigerian healthy adults participated in this cross-sectional study. 3MBW was measured following standardized procedure on a marked 3-m floor. Anthropometric and sociodemographic parameters were taken. Data were summarized using the descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, and percentile (less than the 25th, between the 25th and 75th, and above the 75th percentiles were regarded as low, average, and high 3MBW, respectively).

RESULTS

From this study, less than 2.23 s and 2.60 s were regarded as low risk of fall for males and females, respectively; 2.23-3.00 s and 2.60-3.50 s were regarded as average risk of fall for males and females, respectively, while greater than 3.00-3.9 s and 3.50-3.90 s were regarded as high risk of fall for males and females, respectively. 3MBWT was significantly associated with age (r = 0.51, p = 0.001), sex (r = 0.315, p = 0.001), weight (r = 0.14, p = 0.001), BMI (r = 0.28, p = 0.001), but not height (r = -0.03; p = 0.250).

CONCLUSION

This study provided a reference set of values according to age and gender for 3MBW in healthy individuals. Males have shorter 3MBW than females, and the time taken to accomplish 3MBW increases with age.