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Weinstein S, Maor E, Kaplan A, Hod T, Leibowitz A, Grossman E, Shlomai G. Non-Interventional Weight Changes Are Associated with Alterations in Lipid Profiles and in the Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio. Nutrients 2024; 16:486. [PMID: 38398811 PMCID: PMC10892159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia, and weight loss can improve obese patients' lipid profile. Here, we assessed whether non-interventional weight changes are associated with alterations in lipid profile, particularly the triglyceride (TG)-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (TG/HDL-C). METHODS In this retrospective analysis of subjects referred to medical screening, body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TG, and HDL-C levels were measured annually. Patients were divided according to BMI changes between visits. The primary outcomes were the changes in LDL-C, TG, HDL-C, and the TG/HDL-C ratio between visits. RESULTS The final analysis included 18,828 subjects. During the year of follow-up, 9.3% of the study population lost more than 5% of their weight and 9.2% gained more than 5% of their weight. The effect of weight changes on TG and on the TG/HDL-C ratio was remarkable. Patients with greater BMI increases showed greater increases in their TG/HDL-C ratio, and conversely, a decreased BMI level had lower TG/HDL-C ratios. This is true even for moderate changes of more than 2.5% in BMI. CONCLUSIONS Non-interventional weight changes, even modest ones, are associated with significant alterations in the lipid profile. Understanding that modest, non-interventional weight changes are associated with alterations in the TG/HDL-C ratio may aid in better risk stratification and primary prevention of CV morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Weinstein
- Internal Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel; (S.W.); (A.K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Elad Maor
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
| | - Alon Kaplan
- Internal Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel; (S.W.); (A.K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tammy Hod
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
- Renal Transplant Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
- Nephrology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
| | - Avshalom Leibowitz
- Internal Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel; (S.W.); (A.K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
- The Hypertension Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
| | - Ehud Grossman
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | - Gadi Shlomai
- Internal Medicine D, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel; (S.W.); (A.K.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (E.M.); (T.H.)
- The Hypertension Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262504, Israel
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Nájera N, Ortíz-Flores M, Pérez-Durán J, Reyes-Muñoz E, Romo-Yañez J, Ortiz-Luna G, Villarreal F, Meaney E, Ceballos G, Montoya-Estrada A. Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (-)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 38202201 PMCID: PMC10779966 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendations on what to do in women when the values of fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are only slightly altered or at borderline values. We reported the positive effects on CVD risk markers using cacao by-products, showing that alternative approaches can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in women. The objective was to evaluate the changes in lipoprotein subfractions induced by three months of treatment with an epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study was developed to evaluate the effects of 3 months of treatment with an (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement on lipoprotein subfractions. RESULTS The usual screening workshop for postmenopausal women could be insufficient and misleading. Assessing the effect of a (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement employing a lipoprotein subfractionation profile analysis suggests a decrease in cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS A simple, low-cost, safe (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement product can improve the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayelli Nájera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Miguel Ortíz-Flores
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
- Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
| | - José Romo-Yañez
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
| | - Guillermo Ortiz-Luna
- Peri and Postmenopause Clinic, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Araceli Montoya-Estrada
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
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