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Jensen MA, Dafoe ML, Wilhelmy J, Cervantes L, Okumu AN, Kipp L, Nemat-Gorgani M, Davis RW. Catalytic Antibodies May Contribute to Demyelination in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Biochemistry 2024; 63:9-18. [PMID: 38011893 PMCID: PMC10765373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we report preliminary data demonstrating that some patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatiguesyndrome (ME/CFS) may have catalytic autoantibodies that cause the breakdown of myelin basic protein (MBP). We propose that these MBP-degradative antibodies are important to the pathophysiology of ME/CFS, particularly in the occurrence of white matter disease/demyelination. This is supported by magnetic resonance imagining studies that show these findings in patients with ME/CFS and could explain symptoms of nerve pain and muscle weakness. In this work, we performed a series of experiments on patient plasma samples where we isolated and characterized substrate-specific antibodies that digest MBP. We also tested glatiramer acetate (copaxone), an FDA approved immunomodulator to treat multiple sclerosis, and found that it inhibits ME/CFS antibody digestion of MBP. Furthermore, we found that aprotinin, which is a specific serine protease inhibitor, specifically prevents breakdown of MBP while the other classes of protease inhibitors had no effect. This coincides with the published literature describing catalytic antibodies as having serine protease-like activity. Postpandemic research has also provided several reports of demyelination in COVID-19. Because COVID-19 has been described as a trigger for ME/CFS, demyelination could play a bigger role in patient symptoms for those recently diagnosed with ME/CFS. Therefore, by studying proteolytic antibodies in ME/CFS, their target substrates, and inhibitors, a new mechanism of action could lead to better treatment and a possible cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anthony Jensen
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Miranda Lee Dafoe
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Layla Cervantes
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Anna N Okumu
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Lucas Kipp
- Department
of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Mohsen Nemat-Gorgani
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Ronald Wayne Davis
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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Dejbakht M, Akhzari M, Jalili S, Faraji F, Barazesh M. Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights into Molecular Pathogenesis and Novel Platforms for Disease Treatment. Curr Drug Res Rev 2024; 16:175-197. [PMID: 37724675 DOI: 10.2174/2589977516666230915103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disorder, affects the central nervous system via myelin degradation. The cause of MS is not fully known, but during recent years, our knowledge has deepened significantly regarding the different aspects of MS, including etiology, molecular pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the main myelin protein that accounts for maintaining the stability of the myelin sheath. Recent evidence has revealed that MBP citrullination or deamination, which is catalyzed by Ca2+ dependent peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme leads to the reduction of positive charge, and subsequently proteolytic cleavage of MBP. The overexpression of PAD2 in the brains of MS patients plays an essential role in new epitope formation and progression of the autoimmune disorder. Some drugs have recently entered phase III clinical trials with promising efficacy and will probably obtain approval in the near future. As different therapeutic platforms develop, finding an optimal treatment for each individual patient will be more challenging. AIMS This review provides a comprehensive insight into MS with a focus on its pathogenesis and recent advances in diagnostic methods and its present and upcoming treatment modalities. CONCLUSION MS therapy alters quickly as research findings and therapeutic options surrounding MS expand. McDonald's guidelines have created different criteria for MS diagnosis. In recent years, ever-growing interest in the development of PAD inhibitors has led to the generation of many reversible and irreversible PAD inhibitors against the disease with satisfactory therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Dejbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Morteza Akhzari
- School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Sajad Jalili
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fouziyeh Faraji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
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Wang J, Zhang YR, Shen XN, Han J, Cui M, Tan L, Dong Q, Zubarev RA, Yu JT. Deamidation-related blood biomarkers show promise for early diagnostics of neurodegeneration. Biomark Res 2022; 10:91. [PMID: 36575499 PMCID: PMC9795668 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strongest risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is aging. Spontaneous asparaginyl deamidation leading to formation of isoaspartate (isoAsp) has been correlated with protein aggregation in NDDs. METHODS Two cohorts consisting of 140 subjects were studied. Cohort 1 contained patients with AD and healthy controls, while Cohort 2 recruited subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular dementia (VaD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls. The levels of isoAsp in plasma human albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, as well as the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific against deamidated HSA were measured. Apart from the memory tests, plasma biomarkers for NDDs reported in literature were also quantified, including amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42, neurofilament light protein (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) protein. RESULTS Deamidation products of blood albumin were significantly elevated in vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia (P < 0.05), but less so in PD. Intriguingly, the deamidation levels were significantly (P < 0.01) associated with the memory test scores for all tested subjects. Deamidation biomarkers performed superiorly (accuracy up to 92%) compared with blood biomarkers Aß42/Aß40, NfL, GFAP and p-tau181 in separating mild cognitive impairment from healthy controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the diagnostic capacity of deamidation-related biomarkers in predicting NDDs at the early stage of disease, and the biomarker levels significantly correlated with cognitive decline, strongly supporting the role of deamidation in triggering neurodegeneration and early stages of disease development. Prospective longitudinal studies with a longer observation period and larger cohorts should provide a more detailed picture of the deamidation role in NDD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Wang
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Han
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Cui
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
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Sobel RA, Albertelli M, Hinojoza JR, Eaton MJ, Grimes KV, Rubenstein E. Azetidine-2-Carboxylic Acid-Induced Oligodendrogliopathy: Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:414-433. [PMID: 35521963 PMCID: PMC9123080 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring imino acid azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze) is consumed by humans and can be misincorporated in place of proline in myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. To determine Aze effects on the mammalian CNS in vivo, adult CD1 mice were given Aze orally or intraperitoneally. Clinical signs reminiscent of MBP-mutant mice occurred with 600 mg/kg Aze exposure. Aze induced oligodendrocyte (OL) nucleomegaly and nucleoplasm clearing, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vacuolation, abnormal mitochondria, and Aze dose-dependent apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated myelin blistering and nuclear translocation of unfolded protein response (UPR)/proinflammatory molecules (ATF3, ATF4, ATF6, eIF2α, GADD153, NFκB, PERK, XBP1), MHC I expression, and MBP cytoplasmic aggregation in OL. There were scattered microglial nodules in CNS white matter (WM); other CNS cells appeared unaffected. Mice given Aze in utero and postnatally showed more marked effects than their dams. These OL, myelin, and microglial alterations are found in normal-appearing WM (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Thus, Aze induces a distinct oligodendrogliopathy in mice that recapitulates MS NAWM pathology without leukocyte infiltration. Because myelin proteins are relatively stable throughout life, we hypothesize that Aze misincorporation in myelin proteins during myelinogenesis in humans results in a progressive UPR that may be a primary process in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Sobel
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Megan Albertelli
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julian R Hinojoza
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mary Jane Eaton
- From the Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kevin V Grimes
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward Rubenstein
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Truscott RJW, Friedrich MG. Molecular Processes Implicated in Human Age-Related Nuclear Cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:5007-5021. [PMID: 31791064 PMCID: PMC7043214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human age-related nuclear cataract is commonly characterized by four biochemical features that involve modifications to the structural proteins that constitute the bulk of the lens: coloration, oxidation, insolubility, and covalent cross-linking. Each of these is progressive and increases as the cataract worsens. Significant progress has been made in understanding the origin of the factors that underpin the loss of lens transparency. Of these four hallmarks of cataract, it is protein-protein cross-linking that has been the most intransigent, and it is only recently, with the advent of proteomic methodology, that mechanisms are being elucidated. A diverse range of cross-linking processes involving several amino acids have been uncovered. Although other hypotheses for the etiology of cataract have been advanced, it is likely that spontaneous decomposition of the structural proteins of the lens, which do not turn over, is responsible for the age-related changes to the properties of the lens and, ultimately, for cataract. Cataract may represent the first and best characterized of a number of human age-related diseases where spontaneous protein modification leads to ongoing deterioration and, ultimately, a loss of tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J W Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Michael G Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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张 昕, 林 春, 郭 培, 覃 军, 覃 秀, 梁 伟. [Effect of propofol on myelin basic protein expression and myelination of oligodendrocytes in neonatal SD rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:950-956. [PMID: 31511216 PMCID: PMC6765605 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.08.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different doses of propofol on myelin basic protein (MBP) synthesis and myelination of oligodendrocytes in neonatal SD rats. METHODS A total of 57 neonatal SD rats (7 days old) were randomly divided into control group (n=13), vehicle (fat emulsion) group (n=5), and 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg propofol groups (n=13 in each group). Eight hours after a single intraperitoneal injection of propofol or the vehicle, the rats were examined for expressions of mbp mRNA, caspase-3 mRNA, cleaved caspase-3 and MBP in the brain tissues using qPCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the apoptosis of the oligodendrocytes at 8 h after the injection and the myelination of the corpus callosum and internal capsule at 24 h. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the neonatal rats with propofol injections showed significantly down-regulated expressions of mbp mRNA and MBP protein in the brain tissue (P < 0.05). Propofol dose-dependently increased the transcription level of caspase-3 and the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 at 8 h after the injection (P < 0.05). Propofol injection significantly increased the apoptosis of the oligodendrocytes, and the effect was significantly stronger in 50 and 100 mg/kg groups than in 25 mg/kg group (P < 0.05). At 24 h after propofol injection, myelin formation was significantly decreased in the corpus callosum of the neonatal rats in 100 mg/kg propofol group and in the internal capsule in 50 and 100 mg/kg groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In neonatal SD rats, propofol can dose-dependently promote oligodendrocyte apoptosis, decrease MBP expressions in the brain, and suppress myelin formation in the corpus callosum and the internal capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- 昕 张
- 南方医科大学南方医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510515Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 春水 林
- 南方医科大学南方医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510515Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 培培 郭
- 南方医科大学南方医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510515Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 军 覃
- 深圳市龙岗区骨科医院麻醉科,广东 深圳 518116Department of Anesthesiology, Longgang Orthopedics Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - 秀秀 覃
- 南方医科大学南方医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510515Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 伟东 梁
- 南方医科大学南方医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510515Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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