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Kwak S, Song CL, Lee J, Kim S, Nam S, Park YJ, Lee J. Development of pluripotent stem cell-derived epidermal organoids that generate effective extracellular vesicles in skin regeneration. Biomaterials 2024; 307:122522. [PMID: 38428092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cellular skin substitutes such as epidermal constructs have been developed for various applications, including wound healing and skin regeneration. These cellular models are mostly derived from primary cells such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a two-dimensional (2D) state, and further development of three-dimensional (3D) cultured organoids is needed to provide insight into the in vivo epidermal phenotype and physiology. Here, we report the development of epidermal organoids (EpiOs) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a novel epidermal construct and its application as a source of secreted biomolecules recovered by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be utilized for cell-free therapy of regenerative medicine. Differentiated iPSC-derived epidermal organoids (iEpiOs) are easily cultured and expanded through multiple organoid passages, while retaining molecular and functional features similar to in vivo epidermis. These mature iEpiOs contain epidermal stem cell populations and retain the ability to further differentiate into other skin compartment lineages, such as hair follicle stem cells. By closely recapitulating the epidermal structure, iEpiOs are expected to provide a more relevant microenvironment to influence cellular processes and therapeutic response. Indeed, iEpiOs can generate high-performance EVs containing high levels of the angiogenic growth factor VEGF and miRNAs predicted to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis. These EVs contribute to target cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, providing a promising therapeutic tool for in vivo wound healing. Overall, the newly developed iEpiOs strategy as an organoid-based approach provides a powerful model for studying basic and translational skin research and may also lead to future therapeutic applications using iEpiOs-secreted EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Kwak
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Lok Song
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Kwak S, Song CL, Cho YS, Choi I, Byun JE, Jung H, Lee J. Txnip regulates the Oct4-mediated pluripotency circuitry via metabolic changes upon differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:142. [PMID: 38485770 PMCID: PMC10940461 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) is a stress-responsive factor regulating Trx1 for redox balance and involved in diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolism. However, the biological role of Txnip function in stem cell pluripotency has yet to be investigated. Here, we reveal the novel functions of mouse Txnip in cellular reprogramming and differentiation onset by involving in glucose-mediated histone acetylation and the regulation of Oct4, which is a fundamental component of the molecular circuitry underlying pluripotency. During reprogramming or PSC differentiation process, cellular metabolic and chromatin remodeling occur in order to change its cellular fate. Txnip knockout promotes induced pluripotency but hinders initial differentiation by activating pluripotency factors and promoting glycolysis. This alteration affects the intracellular levels of acetyl-coA, a final product of enhanced glycolysis, resulting in sustained histone acetylation on active PSC gene regions. Moreover, Txnip directly interacts with Oct4, thereby repressing its activity and consequently deregulating Oct4 target gene transcriptions. Our work suggests that control of Txnip expression is crucial for cell fate transitions by modulating the entry and exit of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Kwak
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Lok Song
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Byun
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Stemness of Normal and Cancer Cells: The Influence of Methionine Needs and SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPAR-α Players. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223607. [PMID: 36429035 PMCID: PMC9688847 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities. Normal and cancer stem cells share similar characteristics in relation to their stemness properties. One-carbon metabolism (OCM), a network of interconnected reactions, plays an important role in this dependence through its role in the endogenous synthesis of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the universal donor of methyl groups in eukaryotic cells. OCM genes are differentially expressed in stem cells, compared to their differentiated counterparts. Furthermore, cultivating stem cells in methionine-restricted conditions hinders their stemness capacities through decreased SAM levels with a subsequent decrease in histone methylation, notably H3K4me3, with a decrease in stem cell markers. Stem cells' reliance on methionine is linked to several mechanisms, including high methionine flux or low endogenous methionine biosynthesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent discoveries concerning this metabolic dependence and we discuss the mechanisms behind them. We highlight the influence of SIRT1 on SAM synthesis and suggest a role of PGC-1α/PPAR-α in impaired stemness produced by methionine deprivation. In addition, we discuss the potential interest of methionine restriction in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment.
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Inability to switch from ARID1A-BAF to ARID1B-BAF impairs exit from pluripotency and commitment towards neural crest formation in ARID1B-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6469. [PMID: 34753942 PMCID: PMC8578637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit switches in the BAF chromatin remodeler are essential during development. ARID1B and its paralog ARID1A encode for mutually exclusive BAF subunits. De novo ARID1B haploinsufficient mutations cause neurodevelopmental disorders, including Coffin-Siris syndrome, which is characterized by neurological and craniofacial features. Here, we leveraged ARID1B+/− Coffin-Siris patient-derived iPSCs and modeled cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) formation. We discovered that ARID1B is active only during the first stage of this process, coinciding with neuroectoderm specification, where it is part of a lineage-specific BAF configuration (ARID1B-BAF). ARID1B-BAF regulates exit from pluripotency and lineage commitment by attenuating thousands of enhancers and genes of the NANOG and SOX2 networks. In iPSCs, these enhancers are maintained active by ARID1A-containing BAF. At the onset of differentiation, cells transition from ARID1A- to ARID1B-BAF, eliciting attenuation of the NANOG/SOX2 networks and triggering pluripotency exit. Coffin-Siris patient cells fail to perform the ARID1A/ARID1B switch, and maintain ARID1A-BAF at the pluripotency enhancers throughout all stages of CNCC formation. This leads to persistent NANOG/SOX2 activity which impairs CNCC formation. Despite showing the typical neural crest signature (TFAP2A/SOX9-positive), ARID1B-haploinsufficient CNCCs are also aberrantly NANOG-positive. These findings suggest a connection between ARID1B mutations, neuroectoderm specification and a pathogenic mechanism for Coffin-Siris syndrome. Mutations in the ARID1B subunit of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex are associated with the neurodevelopmental Coffin-Siris syndrome. Here the authors reveal that there is a transition from ARID1A-containing complexes to ARID1B during cranial neural crest cell differentiation that is impaired in Coffin-Siris patient-derived cells, which is important for exit from pluripotency.
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Koo J, Park S, Sung SE, Lee J, Kim DS, Lee J, Lee JR, Kim NS, Lee DY. Altered Gene Expression Profiles in Neural Stem Cells Derived from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients with Intellectual Disability. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:263-274. [PMID: 34483141 PMCID: PMC8424384 DOI: 10.5607/en21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by below-average intelligence (intelligence quotient of <70) accompanied by adaptive behavior deficits. Defects in the functions of neural stem cells during brain development are closely linked to the pathogenesis of ID. To understand the molecular etiology of ID, we examined neural stem cells from individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder in which approximately one-third of the patients exhibit ID. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a normal individual and DMD patients with and without ID to identify ID-specific functional and molecular abnormalities. We found defects in neural ectoderm formation in the group of DMD patients with ID. Our transcriptome analysis of patient-derived neural stem cells revealed altered expression of genes related to the hippo signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, implicating these in the pathogenesis of ID in patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahong Koo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Soo-Eun Sung
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeehun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dae Soo Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Vandana JJ, Lacko LA, Chen S. Phenotypic technologies in stem cell biology. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:257-270. [PMID: 33651977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput phenotypic screen (HTPS) has become an emerging technology to discover synthetic small molecules that regulate stem cell fates. Here, we review the application of HTPS to identify small molecules controlling stem cell renewal, reprogramming, differentiation, and lineage conversion. Moreover, we discuss the use of HTPS to discover small molecules/polymers mimicking the stem cell extracellular niche. Furthermore, HTPSs have been applied on whole-animal models to identify small molecules regulating stem cell renewal or differentiation in vivo. Finally, we discuss the examples of the utilization of HTPS in stem cell-based disease modeling, as well as in the discovery of novel drug candidates for cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases. Overall, HTPSs have provided many powerful tools for the stem cell field, which not only facilitate the generation of functional cells/tissues for replacement therapy, disease modeling, and drug screening, but also help dissect molecular mechanisms regulating physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeya Vandana
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauretta A Lacko
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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