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Wang P, Tong K, Li Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Gu J, Lei P, Yan S, Hu P. The role and mechanism of HIF-1α-mediated glypican-3 secretion in hypoxia-induced tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Signal 2024; 114:111007. [PMID: 38081444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression and secretion mechanism of glypican-3 (GPC3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells under hypoxic conditions, and its role in tumor progression. METHODS Huh7 cells with and without the knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) were cultured under 1% O2 for varying durations to induce hypoxia. The expression levels of GPC3, HSP70, CD63, STX11 and SYT7 in the cytoplasm and exosomes of Huh7 cells were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence. GPC3 protein expression was further measured in cells treated with GW4869 under hypoxic conditions. Huh7 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with the exosomes extracted from the control and GPC3-knockdown cells, the cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and in vitro angiogenesis were analyzed. Tumor xenografts were established to assess the role of GPC3-deficient exosomes in tumor growth. RESULTS Hypoxic culture conditions downregulated GPC3, STX11 and SYT7 protein levels in the Huh7 cells and upregulated GPC3 mRNA, and also increased GPC3 protein expression in the exosomes. HIF-1α knockdown, as well as treatment with GW4869, upregulated GPC3 protein in the Huh7 cells grown under 1% O2, but downregulated exosomal GPC3. Furthermore, exosomes derived from the GPC3-knockdown cells inhibited the proliferation and migration of Huh7 cells, decreased the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1, and increased that of E-cadherin. Likewise, the GPC3-deficient exosomes also suppressed the invasion and tube formation ability of the HUVECs compared to that of control cells. Consistent with the in vitro results, the GPC3-deficient exosomes also repressed tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Hypoxia promoted secretion of exosomal GPC3 through the activation of HIF-1α. GPC3-deficient exosomes inhibited the proliferation, migration and EMT of HCC cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and suppressed the angiogenic potential of HUVECs. This provided a novel understanding of the role of exosomal GPC3 in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China
| | - Kun Tong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Institute of Biomedical Research, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of HCC, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000.China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China
| | - Jiangxue Gu
- Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China
| | - Panwei Lei
- Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000. China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China.
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China; Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000. China.
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Extracellular Vesicles Are Important Mediators That Regulate Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis via the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021362. [PMID: 36674900 PMCID: PMC9865533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles with a lipid bilayer structure, and they are secreted by various cells in the body. EVs interact with and modulate the biological functions of recipient cells by transporting their cargoes, such as nucleic acids and proteins. EVs influence various biological phenomena, including disease progression. They also participate in tumor progression by stimulating a variety of signaling pathways and regulating immune system activation. EVs induce immune tolerance by suppressing CD8+ T-cell activation or polarizing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, which results in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, immune checkpoint molecules are also expressed on the surface of EVs that are secreted by tumors that express these molecules, allowing tumor cells to not only evade immune cell attack but also acquire resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. During tumor metastasis, EVs contribute to microenvironmental changes in distant organs before metastatic lesions appear; thus, EVs establish a premetastatic niche. In particular, lymph nodes are adjacent organs that are connected to tumor lesions via lymph vessels, so that tumor cells metastasize to draining lymph nodes at first, such as sentinel lymph nodes. When EVs influence the microenvironment of lymph nodes, which are secondary lymphoid tissues, the immune response against tumor cells is weakened; subsequently, tumor cells spread throughout the body. In this review, we will discuss the association between EVs and tumor progression via the immune system as well as the clinical application of EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Lucotti S, Kenific CM, Zhang H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109288. [PMID: 36052513 PMCID: PMC9475536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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Antitumor activity of adiponectin in mice model of skin cancer via modulation of sulfatase-2 and MMP9 activity on HSPGs. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rhode P, Mehdorn M, Lyros O, Kahlert C, Kurth T, Venus T, Schierle K, Estrela-Lopis I, Jansen-Winkeln B, Lordick F, Gockel I, Thieme R. Characterization of Total RNA, CD44, FASN, and PTEN mRNAs from Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Gastric Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235975. [PMID: 34885085 PMCID: PMC8656496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liquid biopsy is an easily accessible and non-invasive method to gain information about tumor diseases. The purpose of our study was to determine the value of extracellular vesicle-derived mRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and the response to its treatment. In a cohort of 87 gastric cancer patients and a control group of 14 individuals, we analyzed the absolute RNA concentration from extracellular vesicles (EV) and the relative levels of FASN, PTEN, and CD44 mRNA, and their correlation with clinico-pathological features. These correlated with treatment, tumor grading, and the pathological subtype according to Laurén’s classification. This might reflect their potential as both diagnostic and therapeutic predictors. Abstract In-depth characterization has introduced new molecular subtypes of gastric cancer (GC). To identify these, new approaches and techniques are required. Liquid biopsies are trendsetting and provide an easy and feasible method to identify and to monitor GC patients. In a prospective cohort of 87 GC patients, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from 250 µL of plasma. The total RNA was isolated with TRIZOL. The total RNA amount and the relative mRNA levels of CD44, PTEN, and FASN were measured by qRT-PCR. The isolation of EVs and their contained mRNA was possible in all 87 samples investigated. The relative mRNA levels of PTEN were higher in patients already treated by chemotherapy than in chemo-naïve patients. In patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by gastrectomy, a decrease in the total RNA amount was observed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and gastrectomy, while FASN and CD44 mRNA levels decreased only after gastrectomy. The amount of RNA and the relative mRNA levels of FASN and CD44 in EVs were affected more significantly by chemotherapy and gastrectomy than by chemotherapy alone. Therefore, they are a potential biomarker for monitoring treatment response. Future analyses are needed to identify GC-specific key RNAs in EVs, which could be used for the diagnosis of gastric cancer patients in order to determine their molecular subtype and to accompany the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rhode
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
| | - Matthias Mehdorn
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
| | - Orestis Lyros
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department for Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, D-01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technology Platform, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Tom Venus
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, D-0407 Leipzig, Germany; (T.V.); (I.E.-L.)
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, D-0407 Leipzig, Germany; (T.V.); (I.E.-L.)
| | - Boris Jansen-Winkeln
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
| | - Florian Lordick
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
| | - René Thieme
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.R.); (M.M.); (O.L.); (B.J.-W.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Gross JC. Extracellular WNTs: Trafficking, Exosomes, and Ligand-Receptor Interaction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:29-43. [PMID: 34505202 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
WNT signaling is a key developmental pathway in tissue organization. A recent focus of research is the secretion of WNT proteins from source cells. Research over the past decade on how WNTs are produced and released into the extracellular space has unravelled very specific control mechanisms in the early secretory pathway, specialized trafficking routes, and redundant forms of packaging for delivery to target cells. In this review I discuss the findings that WNT proteins have been found on extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and possible functional implications. There is an ongoing debate in the WNT signaling field whether EV are relevant in vivo and can fulfill specific functions, also fueled by the general preconception of EV secretion as cellular garbage disposal. As part of the EV research community, I want to give an overview of what we know and don't know about WNT secretion on EVs and offer a more unifying model that can explain current discrepancies in observations regarding WNT secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christina Gross
- Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Barrett's Esophagus: A Mini-Review. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:705-713. [PMID: 32277372 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) continues to be a significant public health problem with survival rates that have remained stagnant. Although the population at the highest risk for EAC, i.e., patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) has been clearly defined, patients with EAC continue to do poorly due to advanced stage at diagnosis. The field of extracellular vesicles (EV) could have huge application for the management of patients with BE and EAC by allowing timely diagnosis, serial monitoring, and improved understanding of disease biology. EV are actively packaged and actively secreted vesicles and contain microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and DNA. The contents of EV have been shown to provide useful insights into cellular transformation and pro-oncogenic processes. Early work shows promise but suffers from a high degree of technical and biological variation. The current review not only summarizes the current knowledge about EV as diagnostic biomarkers and their role in disease progression of BE and EAC but also provides the reader practical guidance to devise future experiments to perform well-designed studies.
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Kang H, Wang N, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lin S, Mao G, Liu D, Dang C, Zhou Z. A glycolysis-related gene signature predicts prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25828-25844. [PMID: 33234735 PMCID: PMC7803571 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a growing problem with a rapidly rising incidence and carries a poor prognosis. We aimed to develop a glycolysis-related gene signature to predict the prognostic outcome of patients with EAC. Results: Five genes (CLDN9, GFPT1, HMMR, RARS and STMN1) were correlated with prognosis of EAC patients. Patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups calculated by Cox regression analysis, based on the five gene signature risk score. The five-gene signature was an independent biomarker for prognosis and patients with low risk scores showed better prognosis. Nomogram incorporating the gene signature and clinical prognostic factors was effective in predicting the overall survival. Conclusion: An innovative identified glycolysis-related gene signature and an effective nomogram reliably predicted the prognosis of EAC patients. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas database was investigated for the gene expression profile of EAC patients. Glycolytic gene sets difference between EAC and normal tissues were identified via Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis were utilized to construct a prognostic gene signature. The signature was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves and Kaplan–Meier curves. A prognosis model integrating clinical parameters with the gene signature was established with nomogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guochao Mao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhangjian Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Guo D, Yuan J, Xie A, Lin Z, Li X, Chen J. Diagnostic performance of circulating exosomes in human cancer: A meta-analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23341. [PMID: 32309888 PMCID: PMC7439344 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer has become a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Recent publications have shown that exosomes can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. However, the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of circulating exosomes remain unclear. The present meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively summarize the overall diagnostic performance of circulating exosomes for cancer. METHODS Eligible studies published up to June 27, 2019, on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were selected for the meta-analysis. All statistical analyses were performed by STATA 15.1 statistical software and Meta-DiSc 1.4. Quality Assessment for Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy 2 tool was used to access the quality of included studies. A bivariate mixed-effects model was applied to calculate the diagnostic indexes from included studies. RESULTS A total of 5924 participants comprising 3161 cases and 2763 controls from 42 eligible studies were analyzed. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under the curve with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were as follows: 0.79 (0.75-0.82), 0.81 (0.78-0.84), 4.1 (3.5-4.8), 0.26 (0.22-0.31), 16 (12-21), and 0.87 (0.84-0.89), respectively. Sensitivity analysis suggested no study exclusively contributed to the heterogeneity, and Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test indicated no potential publication bias (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis indicated that circulating exosomes could serve as effective and minimally invasive biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or ovarian cancer, serum-based samples and exosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jinpeng Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Aosi Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zeyin Lin
- Department of UltrasoundThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Juntian Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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Evaluating antitumor activity of antiglypican-3 therapy in experimentally induced skin cancer in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 313:263-273. [PMID: 32638071 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is considered as a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan. It is overexpressed in skin cancer and promotes tumor progression and pathogenicity. Therefore, we aimed to find out the therapeutic effects of immuno-suppressing GPC3 in skin cancer experimentally induced in mice as well as to underline molecular mechanisms especially inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Skin cancer was experimentally induced in mice by repeated rubbing of mice skin with 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene. Mice were injected with anti-GPC3. Skin samples were isolated to investigate the gene and protein expression of GPC3, Wnt-1, NFκB, TNF-α, IGF-1, p38 MAPK and caspase-3 using PCR, Western blot and ELISA. Moreover, skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Treating skin cancer mice with anti-GPC3 significantly blocked GPC3, which is accompanied by amelioration of skin cancer-induced increase in the numbers of tumors and scratching behavior. Moreover, anti-GPC3 attenuated skin cancer-induced increase in the expression of Wnt-1, NFκB, TNF-α, IGF-1, p38 MAPK and caspase-3. In parallel, anti-GPC3 reduced degeneration of melanocyte cells and reduced phagocytic cells epidermal hyperplasia and dysplasia in skin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. In conclusion, anti-GPC3 produced anti-tumor effects against skin cancer, which can be explained by reduction in both inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Targeting GPC3 is a promising therapeutic approach for skin cancer.
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Ohannesian N, Gunawardhana L, Misbah I, Rakhshandehroo M, Lin SH, Shih WC. Commercial and emerging technologies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis based on circulating tumor exosomes. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab8699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles excreted by mammalian cells that circulate freely in the bloodstream of living organisms. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer that encloses genetic material used in intracellular communication (e.g. double-stranded DNA, micro-RNAs, and messenger RNA). Recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of this genetic content within exosomes has a major role in tumor progression in the surrounding microenvironment. Motivated by this discovery, we focused here on using exosomal biomarkers as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for cancer. In this review, we discuss recently discovered exosome-derived proteomic and genetic biomarkers used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Although several genetic biomarkers have been validated for their diagnostic values, proteomic biomarkers are still being actively pursued. We discuss both commercial technologies and emerging technologies for exosome isolation and analysis. Emerging technologies can be classified into optical and non-optical methods. The working principle of each method is briefly discussed as well as advantages and limitations.
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Listik E, Toma L. Glypican-1 in human glioblastoma: implications in tumorigenesis and chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2020; 11:828-845. [PMID: 32180897 PMCID: PMC7061737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors, with which patients have a mean survival of 24 months. Glypican-1 has been previously shown to be overexpressed in human glioblastoma and to be negatively correlated with patient’s survival. This study aimed to investigate how glypican-1 influences the tumoral profile of human glioblastoma using in vitro cell line models. By downregulating the expression of glypican-1 in U-251 MG cells, we observed that the cellular growth and proliferation were highly reduced, in which cells were significantly shifted towards G0 as opposed to G1 phases. Cellular migration was severely affected, and glypican-1 majorly impacted the affinity towards laminin-binding of glioblastoma U-251 MG cells. This proteoglycan was highly prevalent in glioblastoma cells, being primarily localized in the cellular membrane and extracellular vesicles, occasionally with glypican-3. Glypican-1 could also be found in cell-cell junctions with syndecan-4 but was not identified in lipid rafts in this study. Glypican-1-silenced cells were much more susceptible to temozolomide than in U-251 MG itself. Therefore, we present evidence not only to support facts that glypican-1 is an elementary macromolecule in glioblastoma tumoral microenvironment but also to introduce this proteoglycan as a promising therapeutic target for this lethal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Listik
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leny Toma
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bernardi S, Foroni C, Zanaglio C, Re F, Polverelli N, Turra A, Morello E, Farina M, Cattina F, Gandolfi L, Zollner T, Buttini EA, Malagola M, Russo D. Feasibility of tumor‑derived exosome enrichment in the onco‑hematology leukemic model of chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:2133-2144. [PMID: 31638195 PMCID: PMC6844640 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the discovery of their role in intra-cellular communications, exosomes, which carry information specific to the cell of origin, have garnered considerable attention in cancer research. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest the possibility of isolating different exosome sub-populations based on target antigens at the cell surface. Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasia characterized by the break-point cluster region-proto-oncogene 1 tyrosine-protein kinase (BCR-ABL1) fusion-gene, derived from the t (9;22) translocation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target BCR-ABL1 protein and induce major or deep molecular responses in the majority of patients. Despite the fact that several studies have demonstrated the persistence of leukemic cells in the bone marrow niche, even following treatment, TKIs prolong patient survival time and facilitate treatment-free remission. These characteristics render CML a plausible model for investigating the feasibility of tumor-derived exosome fraction enrichment. In the present study, patients in the chronic phase (CP) of CML were treated with TKIs, and the quantification of the BCR-ABL1 exosomal transcript was performed using digital PCR (dPCR). The possibility of tumor-derived exosomes enrichment was confirmed, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the detection of the BCR-ABL1 transcript highlighted the presence of active leukemic cells in patients with CP-CML. According to these findings, tumor-derived exosomes may be considered a novel tool for the identification of active leukemic cells, and for the assessment of innovative monitoring focused on the biological functions of exosomes in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Foroni
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Camilla Zanaglio
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Polverelli
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Turra
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Morello
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Mirko Farina
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Cattina
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Lisa Gandolfi
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Zollner
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Accorsi Buttini
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
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