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Fakhri S, Moradi SZ, Abbaszadeh F, Faraji F, Amirian R, Sinha D, McMahon EG, Bishayee A. Targeting the key players of phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells by phytochemicals. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:261-292. [PMID: 38169011 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plasticity of phenotypic traits refers to an organism's ability to change in response to environmental stimuli. As a result, the response may alter an organism's physiological state, morphology, behavior, and phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells describes the considerable ability of cancer cells to transform phenotypes through non-genetic molecular signaling activities that promote therapy evasion and tumor metastasis via amplifying cancer heterogeneity. As a result of metastable phenotypic state transitions, cancer cells can tolerate chemotherapy or develop transient adaptive resistance. Therefore, new findings have paved the road in identifying factors and agents that inhibit or suppress phenotypic plasticity. It has also investigated novel multitargeted agents that may promise new effective strategies in cancer treatment. Despite the efficiency of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, drug toxicity, development of resistance, and high-cost limit their use in cancer therapy. Recent research has shown that small molecules derived from natural sources are capable of suppressing cancer by focusing on the plasticity of phenotypic responses. This systematic, comprehensive, and critical review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the ability of phytocompounds to target phenotypic plasticity at both preclinical and clinical levels. Current challenges/pitfalls, limitations, and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Faraji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
| | - Roshanak Amirian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
| | - Dona Sinha
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Emily G McMahon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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Modica R, Liccardi A, Minotta R, Cannavale G, Benevento E, Colao A. Current understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:49-61. [PMID: 37936421 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2279540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that important advances in research on neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have been made, consistent data about their pathogenetic mechanism are still lacking. Furthermore, different primary sites may recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes the possible biological and molecular mechanisms that may lead to NEN onset and progression in different organs. Through extensive research of the literature, risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic atrophic gastritis are evaluated as potential pathogenetic mechanisms. Consistent evidence is available regarding sporadic gastric NENs and MEN1 related duodenopancreatic NENs precursor lesions, and genetic-epigenetic mutations may play a pivotal role in tumor development and bone metastases onset. In lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), diffuse proliferation of neuroendocrine cells on the bronchial wall (DIPNECH) has been proposed as a premalignant lesion, while in lung neuroendocrine carcinoma nicotine and smoke could be responsible for carcinogenic processes. Also, rare primary NENs such as thymic (T-NENs) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) have been analyzed, finding different possible pathogenetic mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION New technologies in genomics and epigenomics are bringing new light to the pathogenetic landscape of NENs, but further studies are needed to improve both prevention and treatment in these heterogeneous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Modica
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Liccardi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Minotta
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannavale
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elio Benevento
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Napoli, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development, " Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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3
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Elkhawaga SY, Elshafei A, Elkady MA, Yehia AM, Abulsoud AI, Abdelmaksoud NM, Elsakka EGE, Ismail A, Mokhtar MM, El-Mahdy HA, Hegazy M, Elballal MS, Mohammed OA, Abdel-Reheim MA, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel Mageed SS, Elrebehy MA, Shahin RK, Zaki MB, Doghish AS. Possible role of miRNAs in pheochromocytoma pathology - Signaling pathways interaction. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154856. [PMID: 37806171 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal chromaffin cells and results in the production of catecholamine. Paroxysmal hypertension and cardiovascular crises were among the clinical signs experienced by people with PCC. Five-year survival of advanced-stage PCC is just around 40% despite the identification of various molecular-level fundamentals implicated in these pathogenic pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a type of short, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that attach to the 3'-UTR of a target mRNA, causing translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Evidence is mounting that miRNA dysregulation plays a role in the development, progression, and treatment of cancers like PCC. Hence, this study employs a comprehensive and expedited survey to elucidate the potential role of miRNAs in the development of PCC, surpassing their association with survival rates and treatment options in this particular malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Y Elkhawaga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshafei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elkady
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed Yehia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Mokhtar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maghawry Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Reem K Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Shi ZD, Pang K, Wu ZX, Dong Y, Hao L, Qin JX, Wang W, Chen ZS, Han CH. Tumor cell plasticity in targeted therapy-induced resistance: mechanisms and new strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:113. [PMID: 36906600 PMCID: PMC10008648 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment, therapy-induced resistance remains a major obstacle to a complete cure. Tumor cells evade treatments and relapse via phenotypic switching driven by intrinsic or induced cell plasticity. Several reversible mechanisms have been proposed to circumvent tumor cell plasticity, including epigenetic modifications, regulation of transcription factors, activation or suppression of key signaling pathways, as well as modification of the tumor environment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor cell and cancer stem cell formation also serve as roads towards tumor cell plasticity. Corresponding treatment strategies have recently been developed that either target plasticity-related mechanisms or employ combination treatments. In this review, we delineate the formation of tumor cell plasticity and its manipulation of tumor evasion from targeted therapy. We discuss the non-genetic mechanisms of targeted drug-induced tumor cell plasticity in various types of tumors and provide insights into the contribution of tumor cell plasticity to acquired drug resistance. New therapeutic strategies such as inhibition or reversal of tumor cell plasticity are also presented. We also discuss the multitude of clinical trials that are ongoing worldwide with the intention of improving clinical outcomes. These advances provide a direction for developing novel therapeutic strategies and combination therapy regimens that target tumor cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Duo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kun Pang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Xin Qin
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Cong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Urology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Heilongjiang, China.
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6
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Chung WC, Xu K. Notch signaling pathway in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Yao J, Bergsland E, Aggarwal R, Aparicio A, Beltran H, Crabtree JS, Hann CL, Ibrahim T, Byers LA, Sasano H, Umejiego J, Pavel M. DLL3 as an Emerging Target for the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Oncologist 2022; 27:940-951. [PMID: 35983951 PMCID: PMC9632312 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are heterogeneous malignancies that can arise at almost any anatomical site and are classified as biologically distinct well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). Current systemic therapies for advanced disease, including targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, are associated with limited duration of response. New therapeutic targets are needed. One promising target is delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory ligand of the Notch receptor whose overexpression on the surface of NEN is associated with tumorigenesis. METHODS This article is a narrative review that highlights the role of DLL3 in NEN progression and prognosis, the potential for therapeutic targeting of DLL3, and ongoing studies of DLL3-targeting therapies. Classification, incidence, pathogenesis, and current management of NEN are reviewed to provide biological context and illustrate the unmet clinical needs. DISCUSSION DLL3 is overexpressed in many NENs, implicated in tumor progression, and is typically associated with poor clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with NEC. Targeted therapies using DLL3 as a homing beacon for cytotoxic activity mediated via several different mechanisms (eg, antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engager molecules, CAR-Ts) have shown promising clinical activity in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). DLL3 may be a clinically actionable target across NEN. CONCLUSIONS Current treatment options for NEN do not provide sustained responses. DLL3 is expressed on the cell surface of many NEN types and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Initial clinical studies targeting DLL3 therapeutically in SCLC have been promising, and additional studies are expanding this approach to the broader group of NEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yao
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily Bergsland
- Department of Medicine, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judy S Crabtree
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christine L Hann
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Marianne Pavel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Stepien N, Haberler C, Theurer S, Schmook MT, Lütgendorf-Caucig C, Müllauer L, Gojo J, Azizi AA, Czech T, Slavc I, Peyrl A. Unique Finding of a Primary Central Nervous System Neuroendocrine Carcinoma in a 5-Year-Old Child: A Case Report. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:810645. [PMID: 35401087 PMCID: PMC8984181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.810645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms predominantly arising in the gastrointestinal-tract or the lungs of adults. To date, only ten cases of primary central nervous system (CNS) NETs have been reported, with just three of them describing a neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECA) and none occurring in a child. We report on a previously healthy 5-year-old boy, who presented with headaches, nausea and vomiting, and was diagnosed with a left cerebellar solid mass with a cystic component. After gross-total resection, histology revealed a neuroendocrine carcinoma. Molecular analysis of the tumor tissue showed a KRAS-splice-site mutation (c451-3C > T). The KRAS-mutation was discovered to be a maternal germline mutation, previously described as likely benign. After extensive search for an extracranial primary tumor, including Ga-68 DOTANOC-PET-CT, the diagnosis of a primary CNS NECA was established, and proton irradiation was performed. Unfortunately, the patient developed an in-field recurrence just 5 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. The tumor was re-resected with vital tumor tissue. Six cycles of chemotherapy were initiated, consisting of cisplatin, carboplatin, etoposide and ifosfamide. The patient remains disease free 22 months after the end of treatment, supporting the beneficial effect of platinum- and etoposide-based chemotherapy for this tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stepien
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christine Haberler,
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria-Theresa Schmook
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Leonhard Müllauer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amedeo A. Azizi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Peyrl, , orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-8231
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9
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Joshi BP, Bhandare VV, Patel P, Sharma A, Patel R, Krishnamurthy R. Molecular modelling studies and identification of novel phytochemical inhibitor of DLL3. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3089-3109. [PMID: 35220906 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2045224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has been recently considered the most diagnosed cancer in male. DLL3 is overexpressed in CRPC-NE but not in localised prostate cancer or BPH. There are no effective treatments for neuroendocrine differentiated prostate cancer due to a lack of understanding of DLL3 structure and function. The structure of DLL3 is not yet determined using any experimental techniques. Hence, the structure-based drug discovery approach against prostate cancer has not shown great success. In present study, molecular modelling techniques were employed to generate three-dimensional structure of DLL3 and performed its thorough structural analysis. Further, all-atom molecular dynamics simulation was performed to obtain energetically favourable conformation. Further, we used a virtual screening using a library of >13800 phytochemicals from the IMPPAT database and other literature to select the best possible phytochemical inhibitor for DLL3 and identified the top five compounds. Relative binding affinity was calculated using the MM-PBSA approach. ADMET properties of the screened compounds reveal the toxic effect of Gnemonol C. We believe these studied physicochemical properties, functional domain identification, and binding site identification would be very useful to gain more structural and functional insights of DLL3; also, it can be used to infer their pharmacodynamics properties of DLL3 which was recently reported as an important prostate cancer target. The current study also proposes that Ergosterol Peroxide, Dioslupecin A, Mulberrofuran K, and Caracurine V have strong affinities and could serve as plausible inhibitors against DLL3. We believe this study would further help develop better drug candidates against neuroendocrine prostate cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prittesh Patel
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Bioinformatics and Supercomputer Lab., Department of Biosciences (UGC-SAP-DRS-II & DST-FIST-I), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramar Krishnamurthy
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Gujarat, India
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10
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Mansfield AS, Hong DS, Hann CL, Farago AF, Beltran H, Waqar SN, Hendifar AE, Anthony LB, Taylor MH, Bryce AH, Tagawa ST, Lewis K, Niu J, Chung CH, Cleary JM, Rossi M, Ludwig C, Valenzuela R, Luo Y, Aggarwal R. A phase I/II study of rovalpituzumab tesirine in delta-like 3-expressing advanced solid tumors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:74. [PMID: 34354225 PMCID: PMC8342450 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) is highly expressed in solid tumors, including neuroendocrine carcinomas/neuroendocrine tumors (NEC/NET). Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) is a DLL3-targeting antibody-drug conjugate. Patients with NECs and other advanced DLL3-expressing tumors were enrolled in this phase I/II study (NCT02709889). The primary endpoint was safety. Two hundred patients were enrolled: 101 with NEC/NET (large-cell NEC, gastroenteropancreatic NEC, neuroendocrine prostate cancer, and other NEC/NET) and 99 with other solid tumors (melanoma, medullary thyroid cancer [MTC], glioblastoma, and other). The recommended phase II dose (RP2D) was 0.3 mg/kg every 6 weeks (q6w) for two cycles. At the RP2D, grade 3/4 adverse events included anemia (17%), thrombocytopenia (15%), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (8%). Responses were confirmed in 15/145 patients (10%) treated at 0.3 mg/kg, including 9/69 patients (13%) with NEC/NET. Rova-T at 0.3 mg/kg q6w had manageable toxicity, with antitumor activity observed in patients with NEC/NET, melanoma, MTC, and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine L Hann
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Saiama N Waqar
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Lowell B Anthony
- University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew H Taylor
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Karl Lewis
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jiaxin Niu
- Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Luo
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Di Mauro A, Scognamiglio G, Aquino G, Cerrone M, Liguori G, Clemente O, Di Bonito M, Cantile M, Botti G, Tafuto S, Tatangelo F. Aberrant Expression of Long Non Coding RNA HOTAIR and De-Regulation of the Paralogous 13 HOX Genes Are Strongly Associated with Aggressive Behavior of Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137049. [PMID: 34208964 PMCID: PMC8268982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare diseases occurring in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. They are characterized by the loss of epithelial tubular gland elements, and by the increased expression of neuroendocrine markers. GEP-NENs are subdivided into two histo-pathological types, gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) and gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NECs). According to WHO 2017 and 2019 classification criteria are graded and staged in four categories, NET-G1, NET-G2, NET-G3, and NEC-G3. The molecular characterization of these tumors can be fundamental for the identification of new diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of the paralogous 13 HOX genes, normally involved in embryogenic development and frequently deregulated in human cancers, and of the HOX regulating lncRNA HOTAIR in GEP-NENs. The expression of HOX genes is gradually lost in the transition from GEP NET G1 to NET/NEC G3 tumors, while HOTAIR expression, inversely correlated with HOX genes expression and weakly expressed in low-grade GEP NENs, becomes aberrant in NET G3 and NEC G3 categories. Our data highlights their potential role in the molecular stratification of GEP-NENs by suggesting new prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Di Mauro
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Margherita Cerrone
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Ottavia Clemente
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Maurizio Di Bonito
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815903471; Fax: +39-0815903718
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (O.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.S.); (G.A.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (M.D.B.); (F.T.)
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12
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Stelwagen J, de Vries EGE, Walenkamp AME. Current Treatment Strategies and Future Directions for Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:759-770. [PMID: 33630040 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.8072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Patients with extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EPNECs) receive essentially the same treatment as those with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) despite differences in origin, clinical course, and survival. This SCLC-based approach is attributable to the rarity of EPNECs, which impedes the use of randomized clinical trials. However, neuroendocrine carcinomas are becoming more common because of the increasing use of systemic cancer therapy for adenocarcinomas. This treatment can transdifferentiate certain adenocarcinomas into neuroendocrine carcinomas. In addition, the treatment landscape for SCLC is slowly changing, potentially impacting the treatment paradigms for EPNECs. Observations New information on tumorigenesis of EPNECs from different origins, either as a primary malignant tumor or after neuroendocrine differentiation from adenocarcinomas, demonstrates their biological similarity. Activated molecular pathways that appear to underlie the development of EPNECs are potentially targetable, and some of these targets, such as poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, Wee1, and Aurora A kinase, are currently under investigation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) already constituted a new treatment modality for patients with SCLC and produced some promising results in patients with EPNECs. Conclusions and Relevance Although only moderately effective, the introduction of ICIs signifies the first new option in systemic treatment of SCLC in decades. To prove the value of ICIs and other new drugs for patients with EPNECs, these patients should be included in clinical trials independent of the primary tumor site. Furthermore, to optimize clinical decision-making for patients with EPNECs, experts from the neuroendocrine tumor board should collaborate with members from tumor site-specific boards, which will require patient referral to a center with EPNEC expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stelwagen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Ingenwerth M, Brandenburg T, Führer-Sakel D, Goetz M, Weber F, Dralle H, Schildhaus HU, Schmid KW, Theurer S. DLL3 (delta-like protein 3) expression correlates with stromal desmoplasia and lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:283-289. [PMID: 33617464 PMCID: PMC8052580 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) are rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumors of the thyroid. About 70% of MTC are sporadic; approximately 50% of those harbor somatic RET mutation. DLL3 is widely expressed in many neuroendocrine tumors and has been evaluated as a potential therapeutic target. Since stromal desmoplasia in sporadic MTC has been identified as a reliable predictor of aggressive behavior and development of lymph node metastases, a possible correlation of DLL3 expression with the presence of stromal desmoplasia was of particular interest. 59 paraffin-embedded samples of sporadic MTC with (44 cases) and without (15 cases) stromal desmoplasia and known lymph node status were included. DLL3 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry; no expression (0%), low expression (1-49%) and high expression (≥50%) were correlated with clinicopathological data. The proportion of DLL3 positivity was significantly correlated with both stromal desmoplasia (P < 0.0001) and lymph node metastases (P < 0.0001). MTC without stromal desmoplasia consistently lack DLL3 expression. This is the first study to focus on MTC regarding DLL3 expression and the relationship to various factors. Our results demonstrate that expression of DLL3 in MTC represents a reliable surrogate marker for stromal desmoplasia and lymph node metastases and might be an indicator for aggressive clinical behavior. DLL3 expression in ≥50% of tumor cells virtually excludes MTC without stromal desmoplasia. DLL3 was discussed as a potential therapeutic target in malignant tumors of other locations with positive immunohistochemical reaction and might therefore be a new therapeutic option in MTC, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ingenwerth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T Brandenburg
- Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - D Führer-Sakel
- Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - M Goetz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - F Weber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H-U Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - K W Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Li YL, Qiu XD, Chen J, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu JM, Wang C, Qi ZR, Luo J, Tan HY. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 77 cases with type 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumours. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:1416-1427. [PMID: 33362912 PMCID: PMC7739150 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i12.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the rarity of type 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumours (g-NETs), their clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis are not well illustrated.
AIM To describe the clinicopathological features and outcome of type 3 g-NETs in the Chinese population.
METHODS Based on the 2019 WHO pathological classification, the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with type 3 g-NETs in China were retrospectively analysed.
RESULTS A total of 77 patients (55.8% of females) with type 3 g-NETs were analysed, with a median age of 48 years (range: 28-79 years). The tumours were mainly located in the gastric fundus/body (83.1%) and were mostly solitary (83.1%), with a median size of 1.5 cm (0.8-3.5 cm). Of these, there were 37 G1 tumours (48.1%), 31 G2 (40.3%), and 9 G3 (11.7%). Ten (13.0%) and 24 (31.2%) patients had lymph node and distant metastasis, respectively. In addition, type 3 g-NETs were heterogeneous. Compared with G1 NETs, G2 NETs had a higher lymph node metastasis rate, and G3 NETs had a higher distant metastasis rate. G1 and G2 NETs with stage I/II disease (33/68) received endoscopic treatment, and no tumour recurrence or tumour-related death was observed within a median follow-up time of 36 mo. Grade and distant metastasis were identified to be independent risk factors for prognosis in multivariable analysis.
CONCLUSION Type 3 g-NETs are obviously heterogeneous, and the updated WHO 2019 pathological classification may be used to effectively evaluate their biological behaviors and prognosis. Also, endoscopic treatment should be considered for small (< 2 cm), low grade, superficial tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Liang Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu-Dong Qiu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Qi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huang-Ying Tan
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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15
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He R, Zhang W, Chen S, Liu Y, Yang W, Li J. Transcriptional Profiling Reveals the Regulatory Role of DNER in Promoting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Genet 2020; 11:587402. [PMID: 33329729 PMCID: PMC7728999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.587402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin and NOTCH signaling contribute to the pathogenesis and growth of (PanNENs). The wnt and Notch signaling pathways form an integrated signaling device termed "wntch" and regulate stochastic cell fate decisions, suggesting the essentiality of Wnt/Notch interactions in disease progression. However, the function of Wnt/Notch interactions in PanNENs is unclear. We analyzed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs, mRNAs and pathways according to enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with PanNENs. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the levels of the lncRNA XLOC_221242 and the mRNA encoding Delta/Notch-like epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related receptor (DNER) were significantly increased in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues (n = 3). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction combined with transcriptional profiling data analysis revealed that DNER expression levels were positively correlated with those of DNA-binding factor (RBPJ), S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (Skp1), CTNNB1 and Cadherin-2 (CDH2), which promote PanNEN tumorigenesis and progression. These results were consistent with those of immunohistochemical analysis of DNER, RBPJ, SKP1, CTNNB1, and CDH2 expression (n = 15). These findings provide compelling clinical and molecular evidence supporting the conclusion that DNER and the related RBPJ, SKP1, CTNNB1, and CDH2 signaling contribute to PanNEN tumorigenesis and progression by activating wnt/Notch interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wunai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Woischke C, Jung P, Jung A, Kumbrink J, Eisenlohr S, Auernhammer CJ, Vieth M, Kirchner T, Neumann J. Mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon: detailed molecular characterisation of two cases indicates a distinct colorectal cancer entity. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 7:75-85. [PMID: 33197299 PMCID: PMC7737761 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present two rare cases of mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon. A literature search revealed only three published cases with similar histology but none of these reports provided profound molecular and mutational analyses. Our two cases exhibited a distinct, colon-like immunophenotype with strong nuclear CDX2 and β-catenin expression in more than 90% of the tumour cells of both components. We analysed the two carcinomas regarding microsatellite stability, RAS, BRAF and PD-L1 status. In addition, next-generation panel sequencing with Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 was performed. This approach revealed mutations in FBXW7, CTNNB1 and PIK3CA in the first case and FBXW7 and RB1 mutations in the second case. We looked for similar mutational patterns in three publicly available colorectal adenocarcinoma data sets, as well as in collections of colorectal mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) and colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas. This approach indicated that the FBXW7 point mutation, without being accompanied by classical adenoma-carcinoma sequence mutations, such as APC, KRAS and TP53, likely occurs at a relatively high frequency in mixed neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinoma and therefore may be characteristic for this rare tumour type. FBXW7 codifies the substrate recognition element of an ubiquitin ligase, and inactivating FBXW7 mutations lead to an exceptional accumulation of its target β-catenin which results in overactivation of the Wnt-signalling pathway. In line with previously described hypotheses of de-differentiation of colon cells by enhanced Wnt-signalling, our data indicate a crucial role for mutant FBXW7 in the unusual morphological switch that determines these rare neoplasms. Therefore, mixed large cell neuroendocrine and a squamous cell carcinoma can be considered as a distinct carcinoma entity in the colon, defined by morphology, immunophenotype and distinct molecular genetic alteration(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Woischke
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kumbrink
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Josef Auernhammer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Simple Summary Cell migration is an essential process from embryogenesis to cell death. This is tightly regulated by numerous proteins that help in proper functioning of the cell. In diseases like cancer, this process is deregulated and helps in the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary site to secondary sites initiating the process of metastasis. For metastasis to be efficient, cytoskeletal components like actin, myosin, and intermediate filaments and their associated proteins should co-ordinate in an orderly fashion leading to the formation of many cellular protrusions-like lamellipodia and filopodia and invadopodia. Knowledge of this process is the key to control metastasis of cancer cells that leads to death in 90% of the patients. The focus of this review is giving an overall understanding of these process, concentrating on the changes in protein association and regulation and how the tumor cells use it to their advantage. Since the expression of cytoskeletal proteins can be directly related to the degree of malignancy, knowledge about these proteins will provide powerful tools to improve both cancer prognosis and treatment. Abstract Successful metastasis depends on cell invasion, migration, host immune escape, extravasation, and angiogenesis. The process of cell invasion and migration relies on the dynamic changes taking place in the cytoskeletal components; actin, tubulin and intermediate filaments. This is possible due to the plasticity of the cytoskeleton and coordinated action of all the three, is crucial for the process of metastasis from the primary site. Changes in cellular architecture by internal clues will affect the cell functions leading to the formation of different protrusions like lamellipodia, filopodia, and invadopodia that help in cell migration eventually leading to metastasis, which is life threatening than the formation of neoplasms. Understanding the signaling mechanisms involved, will give a better insight of the changes during metastasis, which will eventually help targeting proteins for treatment resulting in reduced mortality and longer survival.
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