Retinal Microperimetry: A Useful Tool for Detecting Insulin Resistance-Related Cognitive Impairment in Morbid Obesity

New methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes

The presence of type 2 diabetes acts as an accelerator of cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment and later dementia), with a significant impact on the management of the disease and its complications. Therefore, it is recommended to perform an annual evaluation of cognitive function in patients with diabetes older than 65 years. Current guidelines still recommend the use of the Minimental State Evaluation Test (MMSE) as screening test, but it has a modest sensitivity and specificity for identifying mild cognitive impairment. This represents an important gap because patients with mild cognitive impairment are at risk of progressing to dementia. The neurocognitive diagnosis is based on complex neuropsychological tests, which require specifically trained personnel and are time consuming, making its routine incorporation into daily clinical practice unfeasible. Therefore, at present there are no reliable biomarkers to identify patients with type 2 diabetes at increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. Since the brain and the retina have a common embryological origin, our Research Group, has worked over the last 10 years evaluating the usefulness of the retina as a "window" to the brain. We provided evidence that retinal microperimetry is a simple, feasible and useful tool for screening and monitoring cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes. We propose a review of actual tests recommended for screening of cognitive impairment as well as an update of new emerging methods, such as retinal microperimetry.

An Overview of Preferred Retinal Locus and Its Application in Biofeedback Training for Low-Vision Rehabilitation

Central vision loss (CVL) caused by macular damage generally disables common daily tasks, which cannot be reversed by present treatments. Fortunately, it has been found that biofeedback training by inducing or reinforcing preferred retinal locus (PRL) as an eccentric fixation reference contributes to the improvement of visual performance in patients with CVL. However, the clinical application is still under controversy due to poor knowledge of its fundamental and inconsistent practical standards. This article aims to summarize the possible rationale for the development, location, re-location and evaluating indicators of PRL, and the general apparatus, protocol, and outcome of biofeedback PRL training.

The Gaze Fixation Assessed by Microperimetry: A Useful Tool for the Monitoring of the Cognitive Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Current guidelines recommend annual screening for cognitive impairment in patients > 65 years with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The most used tool is the mini-mental state evaluation (MMSE). Retinal microperimetry is useful for detecting cognitive impairment in these patients, but there is no information regarding its usefulness as a monitoring tool. We aimed to explore the role of retinal microperimetry in the annual follow-up of the cognitive function of patients with T2D older than 65 years. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study, comprising patients > 65 years with T2D, attended at our center between March–October 2019. A complete neuropsychological evaluation assessed the baseline cognitive status (mild cognitive impairment, MCI, or normal, NC). Retinal microperimetry (sensitivity, gaze fixation) and MMSE were performed at baseline and after 12 months. Results: Fifty-nine patients with MCI and 22 NC were identified. A significant decline in the MMSE score was observed after 12 months in the MCI group (25.74 ± 0.9 vs. 24.71 ± 1.4; p = 0.001). While no significant changes in retinal sensitivity were seen, all gaze-fixation parameters worsened at 12 months and significantly correlated with a decrease in the MMSE scores. Conclusion: Retinal microperimetry is useful for the monitoring of cognitive decline in patients > 65 years with T2D. Gaze fixation seems a more sensitive parameter for follow-up after 12 months than retinal sensitivity.

Relationship Between Self-Care Behavior and Cognitive Function in Hospitalized Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

PURPOSE

To investigate the relationship between diabetes self-care behavior and cognitive function of hospitalized young and middle-aged Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, young and middle-aged T2DM patients (age range, 35-65 years) were recruited at 4 tertiary hospitals between July 2016 and January 2017. Data pertaining to self-care behavior and cognitive function were collected using two questionnaires (the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities [SDSCA] and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA], respectively). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between cognitive function and self-care activities.

RESULTS

A total of 140 patients with diabetes were enrolled (mean age, 53.79±7.96 years). The mean duration of T2DM was 10.83±6.76 years. Regarding SDSCA performance, the mean scores for foot care and blood glucose monitoring were 2.20±2.57 and 1.98±2.45, respectively, which were the worst; scores for exercise (4.01±2.58) and diet (3.16±1.89) were better, while scores for medication administration (5.26±2.79) were the best. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 37.9% (53 patients). After variables adjustment, delayed recall showed a significant correlation with blood sugar monitoring behavior (B =0.224, P=0.019); visual space and executive function (B=0.255, P=0.009) and abstraction (B=-0.337, P=0.001) showed a correlation with foot care behavior.

CONCLUSION

Cognitive ability affects the self-care behavior of patients with T2DM. Assessment of cognitive function may help inform patient education interventions to improve the self-care behavior of these patients.