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Tsai IT, Sun CK. Stem Cell Therapy against Ischemic Heart Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3778. [PMID: 38612587 PMCID: PMC11011361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, which is one of the top killers worldwide, encompasses a series of heart problems stemming from a compromised coronary blood supply to the myocardium. The severity of the disease ranges from an unstable manifestation of ischemic symptoms, such as unstable angina, to myocardial death, that is, the immediate life-threatening condition of myocardial infarction. Even though patients may survive myocardial infarction, the resulting ischemia-reperfusion injury triggers a cascade of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress that poses a significant threat to myocardial function following successful revascularization. Moreover, despite evidence suggesting the presence of cardiac stem cells, the fact that cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated and cannot significantly regenerate after injury accounts for the subsequent progression to ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart failure, despite the current advancements in cardiac medicine. In the last two decades, researchers have realized the possibility of utilizing stem cell plasticity for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, stem cells of different origin, such as bone-marrow- and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, circulation-derived progenitor cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, have all been shown to play therapeutic roles in ischemic heart disease. In addition, the discovery of stem-cell-associated paracrine effects has triggered intense investigations into the actions of exosomes. Notwithstanding the seemingly promising outcomes from both experimental and clinical studies regarding the therapeutic use of stem cells against ischemic heart disease, positive results from fraud or false data interpretation need to be taken into consideration. The current review is aimed at overviewing the therapeutic application of stem cells in different categories of ischemic heart disease, including relevant experimental and clinical outcomes, as well as the proposed mechanisms underpinning such observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 80794, Taiwan
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Sheu JJ, Yeh JN, Sung PH, Chiang JY, Chen YL, Wang YT, Yip HK, Guo J. ITRI Biofilm Prevented Thoracic Adhesion in Pigs That Received Myocardial Ischemic Induction Treated by Myocardial Implantation of EPCs and ECSW Treatment. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241253144. [PMID: 38798036 PMCID: PMC11129566 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241253144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that ITRI Biofilm prevents adhesion of the chest cavity. Combined extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW) + bone marrow-derived autologous endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy was superior to monotherapy for improving heart function (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]) in minipigs with ischemic cardiomyopathy (IC) induced by an ameroid constrictor applied to the mid-left anterior descending artery. The minipigs (n = 30) were equally designed into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (IC), group 3 (IC + EPCs/by directly implanted into the left ventricular [LV] myocardium; 3 [+]/3[-] ITRI Biofilm), group 4 (IC + ECSW; 3 [+]/[3] - ITRI Biofilm), and group 5 (IC + EPCs-ECSW; 3 [+]/[3] - ITRI Biofilm). EPC/ECSW therapy was administered by day 90, and the animals were euthanized, followed by heart harvesting by day 180. In vitro studies demonstrated that cell viability/angiogenesis/cell migratory abilities/mitochondrial concentrations were upregulated in EPCs treated with ECSW compared with those in EPCs only (all Ps < 0.001). The LVEF was highest in group 1/lowest in group 2/significantly higher in group 5 than in groups 3/4 (all Ps < 0.0001) by day 180, but there was no difference in groups 3/4. The adhesion score was remarkably lower in patients who received ITRI Biofilm treatment than in those who did not (all Ps <0.01). The protein expressions of oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized protein)/apoptotic (mitochondrial-Bax/caspase3/PARP)/fibrotic (TGF-β/Smad3)/DNA/mitochondria-damaged (γ-H2AX/cytosolic-cytochrome-C/p-DRP1), and heart failure/pressure-overload (BNP [brain natriuretic peptide]/β-MHC [beta myosin heavy chain]) biomarkers displayed a contradictory manner of LVEF among the groups (all Ps < 0.0001). The protein expression of endothelial biomarkers (CD31/vWF)/small-vessel density revealed a similar LVEF within the groups (all Ps < 0.0001). ITRI Biofilm treatment prevented chest cavity adhesion and was superior in restoring IC-related LV dysfunction when combined with EPC/ECSW therapy compared with EPC/ECSW therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Jye Sheu
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Jui-Ning Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
| | - John Y. Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Li H, Wang T, Feng Y, Sun K, Huang G, Cao Y, Xu A. Optimal transplantation strategy using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for acute myocardial infarction in nonhuman primates. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e289. [PMID: 37303812 PMCID: PMC10248032 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) have the potential to be a therapeutic option for myocardium restoration. However, hiPSC-CMs of varying maturation and transplantation routes exhibit different reactivity and therapeutic effects. We previously demonstrated that the saponin+ compound induces more mature hiPSC-CMs. The safety and efficacy of multi-route transplantation of saponin+ compound-induced hiPSC-CMs in a nonhuman primate with myocardial infarction will be investigated for the first time in this study. Our findings indicate that optimized hiPSC-CMs transplanted via intramyocardial and intravenous routes may affect myocardial functions by homing or mitochondrial transfer to the damaged myocardium to play a direct therapeutic role as well as indirect beneficial roles via anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenesis mechanisms mediated by different paracrine growth factors. Due to significant mural thrombosis, higher mortality, and unilateral renal shrinkage, intracoronary transplantation of hiPSC-CMs requires closer attention to anticoagulation and caution in clinical use. Collectively, our data strongly indicated that intramyocardial transplantation of hiPSC-CMs is the ideal technique for clinical application; multiple cell transfers are recommended to achieve steady and protracted efficacy because intravenous transplantation's potency fluctuates. Thus, our study offers a rationale for choosing a therapeutic cell therapy and the best transplantation strategy for optimally induced hiPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐mei Li
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) LimitedBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yu‐yin Feng
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
| | - Guang‐rui Huang
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) LimitedBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yu‐lin Cao
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) LimitedBeijingP. R. China
- Tangyi Holdings (Shenzhen) LimitedShenzhenP. R. China
| | - An‐long Xu
- School of Life ScienceBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolGuangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional GenesCollege of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
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Chen W, Hou CH, Chen YL, Shen HH, Lin CH, Wu CY, Lin MH, Liao CC, Huang JJ, Yang CY, Li YC, Yip HK. Safety and efficacy of intracoronary artery administration of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in STEMI of Lee-Sung pigs—A preclinical study for supporting the feasibility of the OmniMSC-AMI phase I clinical trial. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1153428. [PMID: 37063964 PMCID: PMC10091140 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1153428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThis study tested whether early left intracoronary arterial (LAD) administration of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs, called OmniMSCs) in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) of Lee-Sung pigs induced by 90 min balloon-occluded LAD was safe and effective.Methods and resultsYoung male Lee-Sung pigs were categorized into SC (sham-operated control, n = 3), AMI-B (STEMI + buffer/21 cc/administered at 90 min after STEMI, n = 6), and AMI-M [acute myocardial infarction (AMI) + hBMMSCs/1.5 × 107/administered at 90 min after STEMI, n = 6] groups. By 2 and 5 months after STEMI, the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the muscle scar score (MSS) and abnormal cardiac muscle exercise score in the infarct region were significantly increased in the AMI-B than in the SC group that were significantly reversed in the AMI-M group, whereas the left ventricular ejection function by each month (from 1 to 5) displayed an opposite pattern of MSS among the groups (all p < 0.001). By 5 months, histopathological findings of infarct and fibrosis areas and isolectin-B4 exhibited an identical pattern, whereas the cellular expressions of troponin-I/troponin-T/von Willebrand factor exhibited an opposite pattern of MSS among the groups (all p < 0.001). The ST-segment resolution (>80%) was significantly earlier (estimated after 6-h AMI) in the AMI-M group than in the AMI-B group (p < 0.001). The protein expressions of inflammation (IL-1β/TNF-α/NF-κB)/oxidative stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized protein)/apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3/cleaved PARP)/DNA damage (γ-H2AX) displayed an identical pattern to MSS among the groups, whereas the protein expressions of angiogenesis factors (SDF-1α/VEGF) were significantly and progressively increased from SC, AMI-B, to AMI-M groups (all p < 0.001).ConclusionEarly intra-LAD transfusion of OmniMSC treatment effectively reduced the infarct size and preserved LV function in porcine STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannhsin Chen
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Hou
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Shen
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Lin
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Wu
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsueh Lin
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Liao
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jae Huang
- Regeneration Medicine Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Yang
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
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Alloreactivity of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Other Cellular Therapies: A Concise Review. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:9589600. [PMID: 35308830 PMCID: PMC8926542 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9589600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies, deemed live medicine, have brought a wave of new generation biological therapies to treat previously untreatable diseases such as cancers and degenerative diseases like osteoarthritis. These cellular therapies have gained significant recognition in clinical research. The area has been further strengthened with the approval of Chimeric Antigen Receptor added on T cells (CAR-T) therapies by the regulatory authorities USA's Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), European Medical Agency (EMA), the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and in many countries in 2017 to treat hematological cancers. Another milestone was achieved when allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell- (MSC-) based therapy was approved by the EMA to treat Chrohn's disease in 2018. Allogeneic donor-derived MSC therapies in particular hold great promise and real hope because of their ‘off-the shelf' availability and accessibility for patients in need of urgent treatment. So far, thousands of clinical trials have explored the safety and efficacy of both autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, deeming them safe, however with varying degrees of efficacy. In the current pandemic, clinical trials have begun in many parts of the world to treat severe cases of COVID with MSCs. However, the risk of tissue rejection and the development of undesirable effects due to alloreactivity of allogeneic cells are currently not adequately addressed. Therefore, this warrants careful investigation and detailed reporting of such events by clinical researchers. This review aims at discussing the current landscape of approved allogeneic MSCs along with a few other cellular therapies. We explore any possible reactivity reported to inform the readers of any safety concern and on the efficacy of such therapies.
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Kohsaka S. To the Future and Beyond: Recent Advances in the Application of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020177. [PMID: 33419034 PMCID: PMC7825296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We are very fortunate to be practicing interventional cardiology during an era of rapid clinical and technological evolution, which allows us to offer potentially life-saving options for challenging cardiac conditions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Sung PH, Chiang HJ, Li YC, Chiang JY, Chu CH, Shao PL, Lee FY, Lee MS, Yip HK. Baseline factors identified for the prediction of good responders in patients with end-stage diffuse coronary artery disease undergoing intracoronary CD34+ cell therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:324. [PMID: 32727585 PMCID: PMC7391819 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treating patients with end-stage diffuse coronary artery disease (EnD-CAD) unsuitable for coronary intervention remains a clinical challenge. They usually express refractory angina and have a high risk of mortality. Although growing data have indicated cell therapy is an alternative solution to medical or invasive therapy, there are still lacking useful markers to predict whether heart function will improve in the EnD-CAD patients who underwent circulatory-derived CD34+ cell therapy. By utilizing the baseline variables and results from our previous phase I/II clinical trials, the aim of this study tried to elucidate the variables predictive of the “good response” to CD34+ cell therapy. Methods This retrospective study included 38 patients in phase I clinical trial (2011–2014), and 30 patients in phase II clinical trial (2013–2017). These patients were categorized into “good responders” and “non-responders” according to their 1-year improvement of LVEF ≥ 7.0% or < 7.0% after intracoronary CD34+ cell therapy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to identify potential independent predictors of a good responder to cell therapy, followed by Hosmer–Lemeshow (H-L) test for goodness of fit and prediction power. Results Among baseline data, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the history of a former smoker was independently predictive of good responders (p = 0.006). On the other hand, male gender, the baseline Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina score ≥ 3, and grades of LV diastolic dysfunction ≥ 2 were significantly negative predictors of good responders (all p < 0.01). After administration of subcutaneous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a higher post-G-CSF neutrophil count in addition to the above four baseline variables also played crucial roles in early prediction of good response to CD34+ cell therapy for EnD-CAD (all p < 0.03). The H-L test displayed a good prediction power with sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 85.3%, and accuracy 84.4%. Conclusions Using the results of our phase I/II clinical trials, previous smoking habit, female sex, lower grades of angina score, and diastolic dysfunction were identified to be independently predictive of “good response” to CD34+ cell therapy in the patients with EnD-CAD. Trial registration This is a retrospective analysis based on phase I (ISRCTN72853206) and II (ISRCTN26002902) clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, No. 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.,Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, No. 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - John Y Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Statistics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Shao
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Yen Lee
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Mel S Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, No. 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan. .,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, 361028, Fujian, China.
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