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Rashidi M, Naghavi S, Ramezani N, Ashtari F, Shaygannejad V, Hosseini SM, Adibi I. Early clinical response and complications of therapeutic plasma exchange in central nervous system demyelinating diseases. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2024; 16:11795735241262738. [PMID: 38903856 PMCID: PMC11188695 DOI: 10.1177/11795735241262738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Appropriate treatment reduces the severity and duration of relapses in demyelinating diseases of Central Nervous System (CNS). If high-dose corticosteroids treatment fails, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is considered as a rescue treatment. Objectives This study aimed to investigate early clinical response and complications of TPE and prognostic factors in CNS demyelinating relapses. Design This prospective observational study was designed in a tertiary center during one year. Methods All adult patients diagnosed corticosteroid-resistant Multiple Sclerosis (MS), NeuroMyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), idiotypic Transverse Myelitis or Clinical Isolated Syndrome relapses, were eligible. Clinical response is defined based on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at discharge. Clinical and laboratory complications recorded. Results Seventy-two patients were analyzed which 58.3% patients were female. MS was diagnosed for 61.1% of cases. Thirty-five patients (48.6%) responded and the mean differences of EDSS significantly decreased 0.60 score (CI95%:0.44-.77). Electrolyte imbalances and thrombocytopenia occurred in 80.6% and 55.6% of cases respectively and 40.3% of patients had systemic reactions. However, 26.4% patients experienced moderate to severe complications. In patients with moderate to severe disability, responders were younger (MD: 8.42 years, CI95%: 1.67-15.17) and had lower EDSS score at admission (median:6, IQR: 5.5-6 against 7.5 IQR: 6.5-8). The risk of failure was higher in active progressive MS patients compared with RRMS patients (OR: 6.06, CI 95%:1.37-26.76). Patients with thrombocytopenia were hospitalized more than others (MD: 1.5 days, CI 95%: 0-3). Females were more prone to hypokalemia and systemic reactions (OR: 3.11, CI 95%:1.17-8.24 and OR: 6.67, CI 95%:2.14-20.81 respectively). Conclusion The most common indication of TPE was corticosteroid-resistant severe MS relapses. About half of the patients presented an early clinical response. Lower disability, younger age and RRMS diagnosis are prognostic factors of better response. One out of four patients experienced moderate to severe complications, mainly electrolyte imbalances and systemic reactions. Appropriate interventions against these complications should be considered during TPE, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saba Naghavi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Neda Ramezani
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ashtari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Iman Adibi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Nies JF, Hendrix C, Bartram MP, Spear R, Hagmann H, Benzing T, Kubacki T. Effectiveness and safety of immunoadsorption as a rescue treatment of inflammatory myopathies: report of three cases and literature review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2024; 16:1759720X241250238. [PMID: 38764488 PMCID: PMC11102671 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x241250238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) summarizes rare, systemic autoimmune conditions primarily characterized by inflammatory damage to the skeletal muscle. Although primary damage occurs to the muscle, these IIM-related conditions involve other organs, including the skin, lungs, upper gastrointestinal tract, joints, and heart. While many patients have an adequate response to immunosuppressive treatment, some patients develop rapidly progressive and treatment-resistant life-threatening courses. Treatment-resistant IIM is challenging for the treating physician and requires interdisciplinary and individualized treatment approaches. Extracorporeal therapy is one option for rescue therapy, with immunoadsorption (IA) having proven more effective than plasma exchange regarding the removal of circulating antibodies. Despite its efficacy and desirable safety profile, the clinical value of IA use in IIM is understudied with no controlled trials reported. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge regarding the management of treatment-resistant IIM and the cases of three patients with treatment-resistant IIM (two with dermatomyositis and one with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy) who have successfully been treated with IA. All patients responded well to the therapy and experienced no IA-related complications. Taken together, we found IA to be a safe and effective treatment option in treatment-resistant IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F. Nies
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Hendrix
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte P. Bartram
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ryan Spear
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Torsten Kubacki
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50924, Germany
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Vardakas I, Dorst J, Huss A, Mayer B, Fangerau T, Taranu D, Tumani H, Senel M. Serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein for predicting response to apheresis in steroid-refractory multiple sclerosis relapses. Eur J Neurol 2024:e16323. [PMID: 38700322 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The predictive value of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) for apheresis outcome in steroid-refractory multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse has not yet been evaluated. METHODS We used pre- and postapheresis serum samples from 38 participants of the IAPEMS trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02671682), which investigated the use of immunoadsorption versus plasma exchange for the treatment of steroid-refractory MS attacks. Response to apheresis was classified based on improvement on (i) the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), (ii) the affected functional system scores (FSS) of the EDSS, or (iii) the visual acuity for patients with optic neuritis, 4 weeks postapheresis. sNFL and sGFAP were measured by single molecule arrays. RESULTS Preprocedural sGFAP levels could discriminate between responders and nonresponders, determined by FSS improvement (p = 0.017). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.781, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.635-0.962, p = 0.020) and lower sGFAP levels (OR = 0.948, 95% CI = 0.903-0.995, p = 0.031) could predict response to apheresis in the overall cohort. We could observe a trend towards a favourable apheresis outcome with higher sNfL levels (OR = 1.413, 95% CI = 0.965-2.069, p = 0.076). Analysis of the sNfL-to-sGFAP ratio showed an OR of 1.924 (95% CI = 1.073-3.451, p = 0.028) for predicting apheresis response. The ratio showed a better predictive value than the individual parameters. Neither biomarker was affected by the number of steroid cycles preapheresis. CONCLUSIONS Lower sGFAP levels, a higher sNfL-to-sGFAP ratio, and younger age are associated with a favourable apheresis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Huss
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Fangerau
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Taranu
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Xu Y, Wang H, Song T, Yin L, Yao Y, Wei Y, Cong H, Sun J, Zhang X, Tian D. Efficacy and safety of apheresis therapy in AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD attack: A propensity score-matched cohort study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14780. [PMID: 38790106 PMCID: PMC11126786 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma exchange (PE) and immunoadsorption (IA) are recognized as effective ways to treat attacks in AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, but high-quality evidence was lacking. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PE/IA plus intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in NMOSD attacks using propensity scores to match IVMP as control. METHODS Patients were from a prospective observational cohort study. Stratification and interval propensity score matching (PSM) were used to reduce selection bias by matching baseline characteristics (gender, age, time to IVMP, EDSS at attack) between PE/IA + IVMP and IVMP group (in a ratio of 1:2). The primary endpoint of efficacy was EDSS change at 6 months. Adverse events and changes in laboratory tests were recorded. RESULTS Four hundred and eleven attacks of 336 patients were screened for PSM, and 90 attacks (30 PE/IA + IVMP and 60 IVMP) were included in the analysis. There were significant differences in EDSS [6.25 vs. 6.75; IQR (4.50-8.38 vs. 5.00-8.00), p = 0.671] and visual acuity [median logMAR = 0.35 vs. 1.00; IQR (0.30-0.84 vs. 0.95-1.96), p = 0.002] change between two groups at 6 months. PE/IA + IVMP treatment demonstrated predictive capacity for good recovery as indicated by an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.726. Fibrinogen reduction was found during PE/IA + IVMP treatment [n = 15 (50.00%)], but no severe adverse events led to apheresis treatment discontinuation. DISCUSSION After PSM analysis, IVMP+PE/IA in acute attack of NMOSD achieved better and continuous improvement in neurological function within 6 months compared with IVMP alone. PE/IA treatment showed a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huabing Wang
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tian Song
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Linlin Yin
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yajun Yao
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuzhen Wei
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hengri Cong
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiali Sun
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - De‐Cai Tian
- Center for Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shah A, Panchal V, Patel K, Alimohamed Z, Kaka N, Sethi Y, Patel N. Pathogenesis and management of multiple sclerosis revisited. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101497. [PMID: 36280474 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease characterized by selective destruction of myelin in the CNS neurons (including optic nerve). It was first described in the 19th century and remained elusive owing to the disease's unique relapsing and remitting course. The widespread and debilitating prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has prompted the development of various treatment modalities for its effective management. METHODS AND OBJECTIVES A literature review was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The main objective of the review was to compile the advances in pathogenesis, classifications, and evolving treatment modalities for MS. RESULTS The understanding of the pathogenesis of MS and the potential drug targets for its precise treatment has evolved significantly over the past decade. The experimental developments are also motivating and present a big change coming up in the next 5 years. Numerous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have revolutionized the management of MS: interferon (IFN) preparations, monoclonal antibodies-natalizumab and ocrelizumab, immunomodulatory agents-glatiramer acetate, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) modulators (Siponimod) and teriflunomide. The traditional parenteral drugs are now available as oral formulations improving patient acceptability. Repurposing various agents used for related diseases may reinforce the drug reserve to manage MS and are under trials. Although at a nascent phase, strategies to enhance re-myelination by stimulating oligodendrocytes are fascinating and hold promise for better outcomes in patients with MS. CONCLUSIONS The recent past has seen staggering inclusions to the management of multiple sclerosis catalyzing a significant turnabout in our approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Since the advent of DMTs various other oral and injectable agents have been approved. The advances in MS therapeutics and diagnostics have laid the ground for further research and development to enhance the quality of life of afflicted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhi Shah
- Smt NHL MMC, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380006, India; PearResearch, India
| | - Viraj Panchal
- Smt NHL MMC, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380006, India; PearResearch, India
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Baroda Medical College, Vadodara, India; PearResearch, India
| | - Zainab Alimohamed
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Tanzania; PearResearch, India
| | - Nirja Kaka
- PearResearch, India; GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar, India
| | - Yashendra Sethi
- PearResearch, India; Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neil Patel
- PearResearch, India; GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar, India.
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Lin Y, Oji S, Miyamoto K, Narita T, Kameyama M, Matsuo H. Real-world application of plasmapheresis for neurological disease: Results from the Japan-Plasmapheresis Outcome and Practice Patterns Study. Ther Apher Dial 2023; 27:123-135. [PMID: 35765859 PMCID: PMC10084057 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasmapheresis is a well-recognized treatment for autoimmune neurological diseases in Japan. However, the practice varies depending on the facility, and the actual treatment conditions are unclear. METHODS To clarify real-world conditions, a prospective observational study was conducted on patients with neurological diseases who were scheduled to receive plasmapheresis. A dataset was analyzed that included 887 treatments from 210 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and other diseases for 82, 30, 24, and 74 patients, respectively. RESULTS The types of plasmapheresis performed included immunoadsorption plasmapheresis, plasma exchange, and double filtration plasmapheresis with 620, 213, and 54 treatments, respectively. Approximately, 60% of the treatments were performed using peripheral blood access alone. Non-serious adverse events were observed in 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant improvement was observed after plasmapheresis in patients with MG, MS, and NMOSD. These were evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Satoru Oji
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Kawagoe, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Narita
- Department of Neurology, Nagasaki Kawatana Medical Center, Kawatana, Japan
| | - Mana Kameyama
- Clinical Development Department, Asahi-Kasei Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsuo
- Department of Neurology, Nagasaki Kawatana Medical Center, Kawatana, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nagasaki National Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Therapeutic plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis patients with an aggressive relapse: an observational analysis in a high-volume center. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18374. [PMID: 36319704 PMCID: PMC9626567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An evidence-based treatment for a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) relapse is an intravenous administration of 3-5 g of Methylprednisolone. In case of insufficient effect or corticosteroids intolerance, the therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is indicated. To assess the clinical effect of TPE in treatment of relapse in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), we enrolled 155 patients meeting the following criteria (study period: January 2011 to February 2021): (1) age > 18, (2) RRMS according to the McDonald´s 2017 criteria, (3) MS relapse and insufficient effect of corticosteroids/corticosteroids intolerance, (4) baseline EDSS < 8. Exclusion criteria: (1) progressive form of disease, (2) history of previous TPE. Following parameters were monitored: EDSS changes (before and after corticosteroid treatment, before and after TPE; EDSS after TPE was assessed at the next clinical follow-up at the MS Center), and improvement of EDSS according to the number of procedures and baseline severity of relapse. 115 females (74%) and 40 males (26%) were included. The median age was 41 years (IQR 33-47)-131 patients underwent the pulse corticosteroids treatment and TPE, while 24 patients underwent only TPE without any previous corticosteroid treatment. Median baseline EDSS was 4.5 (IQR 3.5-5.5), median EDSS after finishing steroids was 4.5 (IQR 4.0-5.5). EDSS prior to the TPE was 4.5 (IQR 4-6), EDSS after TPE was 4.5 (IQR 3.5-5.5). We observed a significant improvement in the EDSS after TPE (p < 0.001). Sex differences were seen in TPE effectiveness, with median improvement of EDSS in females being -0.5 (IQR 1-0) and in males being 0 (IQR -0.5 to 0), p = 0.048. There was no difference in EDSS improvement by age category: 18-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, > 50 (p = 0.94), nor by total TPE count (p = 0.91). In this retrospective study of patients with an aggressive relapse and insufficient effect of intravenous corticosteroid treatment, a significant effect of TPE on EDSS improvement was observed. There was no significant difference in TPE effectivity according to the number of procedures, age, nor severity of a relapse. In this cohort, TPE was more effective in females.
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Treatment and Relapse Prevention of Typical and Atypical Optic Neuritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179769. [PMID: 36077167 PMCID: PMC9456305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory condition involving the optic nerve. Several important typical and atypical ON variants are now recognized. Typical ON has a more favorable prognosis; it can be idiopathic or represent an early manifestation of demyelinating diseases, mostly multiple sclerosis (MS). The atypical spectrum includes entities such as antibody-driven ON associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD), chronic/relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION), and sarcoidosis-associated ON. Appropriate and timely diagnosis is essential to rapidly decide on the appropriate treatment, maximize visual recovery, and minimize recurrences. This review paper aims at presenting the currently available state-of-the-art treatment strategies for typical and atypical ON, both in the acute phase and in the long-term. Moreover, emerging therapeutic approaches and novel steps in the direction of achieving remyelination are discussed.
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10
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Rothenburg J, Rink-Baron S, Müller L, Ostermann PN, Fischer J, Stegbauer J, Moldenhauer A. Immunadsorption zur Herstellung von COVID-19
Antikörperkonzentraten. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1720-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungSeit mehr als 2 Jahren hält die COVID-19 Pandemie die ganze Welt in Atem.
Vor Einführung der Impfung schien die Anwendung von Frischplasmen
rekonvaleszenter Spender nach Einzelfallberichten ein vielversprechender
Therapieansatz, insbesondere, wenn sie bereits in der Frühphase der
Erkrankung eingesetzt werden. In multizentrischen Studien großer
Fallzahlen blieben die Ergebnisse unter den Erwartungen, weshalb in Deutschland
keine eindeutige Leitlinienempfehlung zur Anwendung von rekonvaleszenten Plasmen
(RKP) existiert.Ein Grund dafür könnten schwankende und zu Beginn der
RKP-Anwendung zu niedrige Konzentrationen an COVID-19 Antikörpern in der
überwiegenden Zahl der Plasmaeinheiten sein – was wiederum das
Ausbleiben einer überzeugenden klinischen Wirksamkeit erklären
könnte.Daher verfolgen wir eine Strategie, die die selektive Sammlung und Konzentrierung
menschlicher Immunglobuline aus einer Spende mittels Immunadsorption
ermöglicht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Rothenburg
- Institut für Transplantatationsdiagnostik and Zelltherapeutika,
Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf,
Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Deutschland
- Pall Corporation, Dreieich, Deutschland
| | | | - Lisa Müller
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum
Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität,
Deutschland
| | - Philipp Niklas Ostermann
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum
Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität,
Deutschland
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Institut für Transplantatationsdiagnostik and Zelltherapeutika,
Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf,
Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Deutschland
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Klinik für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum
Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität,
Deutschland
| | - Anja Moldenhauer
- Institut für Transplantatationsdiagnostik and Zelltherapeutika,
Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf,
Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Deutschland
- Saarland Universität, Homburg, Deutschland
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11
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Total Plasma Exchange in Neuromuscular Junction Disorders—A Single-Center, Retrospective Analysis of the Efficacy, Safety and Potential Diagnostic Properties in Doubtful Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154383. [PMID: 35955999 PMCID: PMC9369332 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction disorders (NJDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases including myasthenia gravis (MG). In some cases, patients are present with myasthenic symptoms without evidence of autoimmune antibodies, making diagnosis challenging. Total plasma exchange (TPE) has proven efficacy in NJDs. The objective is to describe the safety and efficacy of TPE in NJD patients with questionable disease activity or uncertain diagnosis in order to assess the diagnostic potential of TPE. We report an observational, retrospective cohort study of clinical routine data. All the data were derived from the electronic medical records of the Department of Neurology at University Hospital Essen. We searched for patients with NJDs between 1 July 2018 and 30 June 2021. Of the 303 patients who presented to the department with NJDs, 20 were treated with TPE; 9 patients did not show a measurable benefit from TPE (45%), 6 of whom were diagnosed with seronegative MG. Of these, 3 (50%) had long-standing ocular symptoms. There were decreases in the mean arterial pressure, hemoglobin, hematocrit and fibrinogen during treatment, which were not considered clinically relevant. In (seronegative) myasthenic patients, TPE may help to verify an uncertain diagnosis or to reveal possible muscle damage, allowing unnecessary therapy to be avoided.
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Rothenburg J, Rink-Baron S, Mueller L, Ostermann PN, Fischer J, Stegbauer J, Moldenhauer A. COVID-19 antibody donation using immunoadsorption: Report of two cases. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103193. [PMID: 34147358 PMCID: PMC8205282 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than a year the whole world is suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic with no treatment option in sight. Administration of plasma from convalescent donors containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, though promising according to case reports, failed to show a clear benefit in a greater number of trials. One reason could be varying and low antibody contents in a majority of plasma units hampering standardization and clinical efficacy. Besides, other plasma components unnecessarily transfused like coagulation factors might promote hypercoagulation seen in severe COVID-19 etiopathology. We therefore hypothesized that instead of collecting whole plasma units, convalescent donors could donate solely immunoglobulins by undergoing immunoadsorption, a mode of therapy regularly applied in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report the results of the first two antibody donations performed at the University Hospital Düsseldorf. In both cases, immunoadsorptions were very well tolerated with no side effects. Collected and neutralized eluates were concentrated using tangential flow filtration increasing the concentration of immunoglobulins 10fold as compared to peripheral blood and leading to probably eight times more neutralizing antibodies than in one plasma unit. Therefore, immunoadsorption can be used as a method of antibody donation. Whether these donated antibodies can be used as passive immunization in acutely infected patients remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Rothenburg
- Institute for Transplantat Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany,Pall Corporation, Dreieich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Mueller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Philipp Niklas Ostermann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Institute for Transplantat Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Anja Moldenhauer
- Institute for Transplantat Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany,Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Corresponding author at: Institute for Transplantat Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
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13
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Shkodivskyi P, Dressel A, Handreka R, Schulz T, Kabtimer W, Stelzle F, Gudowski C, Pliquett RU. A case of acute optic neuritis during pregnancy treated by membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchanges without systemic anticoagulation. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103178. [PMID: 34099404 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In acute optic neuritis, high dose steroid therapy as first - line treatment is contraindicated in early pregnancy, therapeutic plasma exchanges (TPE) represent an alternative. We report a case of a pregnant woman with progressive, acute optic neuritis subjected to membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange with extracorporal citrate-based anticoagulation. CASE PRESENTATION A 35 year-old second-time pregnant woman (4th week of gravidity) of Caucasian ethnicity complained of visual impairment of the right eye. She was hospitalized for suspected optic neuritis. In the eye exam central and peripheral scotoma of the right side were found. T2 weighted Magnetic-Resonance Imaging revealed an isolated, prechiasmal lesion of the right optic nerve, and the patient had a delayed p100 latency of visually evoked potentials of the right eye. Cerebrospinal-fluid investigation was unrevealing. The diagnosis of right sided optic neuritis was established. Due to early pregnancy, steroids were contraindicated. Visual disturbances further deteriorated by day 2 in hospital. For therapy, 5 sessions of membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange with albumin solution were performed. An extracorporal anticoagulation using citrate with calcium substitution was applied. After the second session, there was a subjective improvement of symptoms. At discharge on day 14, visual acuity was no longer impaired, sensitivity to bright light remained. In eye exam at 3.5 months after discharge, the patient ha d a complete recovery. Follow-up gynecological exams were unrevealing. CONCLUSION This case of unilateral acute optic neuritis supports the view that membrane-based therpautic plasma exchange without systemic anticoagulation represents a safe intervention in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Shkodivskyi
- Department of Diabetology & Nephrology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany
| | | | - Robert Handreka
- Department of Neurology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Department of Radiology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Stelzle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany
| | - Christin Gudowski
- Department of Diabetology & Nephrology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany
| | - Rainer U Pliquett
- Department of Diabetology & Nephrology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus, Germany.
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14
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Restrepo-Aristizábal C, Giraldo LM, Giraldo YM, Pino-Pérez AM, Álvarez-Gómez F, Franco CA, Tobón JV, Ascencio JL, Zuluaga MI. PLEX: the best first-line treatment in nmosd attacks experience at a single center in Colombia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06811. [PMID: 33948520 PMCID: PMC8080073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary outcome was to evaluate complete improvement at six months after acute treatment in NMOSD relapses. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study of patients with diagnosis of NMOSD admitted for acute attacks. We performed an explanatory analysis using the univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression approach. We compared survival curves using the Kaplan Meier analysis and estimated the median time for the main outcome. Results In the univariate analysis, basal EDSS score, AQP4-IgG positivity, PLEX as a first-line treatment (IVMP + PLEX), less systemic complications related to acute treatment and total attack history were independently associated with complete improvement at six months. After adjusting for confounding variables and using multivariate analysis by Cox Regression, positive AQ4-IgG (HR 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02–0.66) and IVMP + PLEX (HR 5.1, 95% CI: 3.9–66.4), were kept as independent factors associated to time to complete improvement. Time from admission to PLEX initiation and complete improvement at six months had a median of seven days (95% CI: 5.2–8.8). In secondary effects, there were no statistical differences between the groups. Conclusions PLEX + IVMP is the treatment of choice for NMOSD relapses and should be initiated as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Restrepo-Aristizábal
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - L M Giraldo
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - Y M Giraldo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics CES University; Medellín, Colombia
| | - A M Pino-Pérez
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - F Álvarez-Gómez
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - C A Franco
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - J V Tobón
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
| | - J L Ascencio
- Neurorradiology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M I Zuluaga
- Neurology, Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC) Medellín, Colombia.,Neurology, CES University Medellín, Colombia
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15
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Fuchs K, Rummler S, Ries W, Helmschrott M, Selbach J, Ernst F, Morath C, Gauly A, Atiye S, Stauss-Grabo M, Giefer M. Performance, clinical effectiveness, and safety of immunoadsorption in a wide range of indications. Ther Apher Dial 2021; 26:229-241. [PMID: 33914397 PMCID: PMC9291474 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunoadsorption is well known to selectively remove immunoglobulins and immune complexes from plasma and is applied in a variety of autoimmune diseases and for desensitization before, or at acute rejection after organ transplantation. Performance, safety, and clinical effectiveness of immunoadsorption were the aim of this study. This prospective, noninterventional, multicentre cohort study included patients treated with immunoadsorption (Immunosorba or GLOBAFFIN adsorbers) for any indication. Clinical effectiveness was assessed after termination of the patient's individual treatment schedule. Eighty‐one patients were included, 69 were treated with Immunosorba, 11 with GLOBAFFIN, one patient with both adsorbers. A majority of patients was treated for neurological indications, dilated cardiomyopathy, and before or after kidney or heart transplantation. Mean IgG reduction from pre‐ to post‐treatment was 69.9% ± 11.5% for Immunosorba and 74.1% ± 5.0% for GLOBAFFIN, respectively. The overall IgG reduction over a complete treatment block was 68%–93% with Immunosorba and 62%–90% with GLOBAFFIN depending on the duration of the overall treatment. After termination of the immunoadsorption therapy, an improvement of clinical status was observed in 63.0%, stabilization of symptoms in 29.6%, and a deterioration in 4.9% of patients. Changes in fibrinogen, thrombocytes, and albumin were mostly classified as noncritical. Overall, the treatments were well tolerated. Immunoadsorption in routine clinical practice with both GLOBAFFIN and Immunosorba has been safely performed, was well tolerated by patients, and effective in lowering immunoglobulins with an improvement or maintenance of clinical status, thus represents an additional therapeutic option for therapy refractory immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ries
- Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, Flensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Selbach
- Department of Nephrology, Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | | | - Christian Morath
- Department for Dialysis, Nierenzentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Gauly
- Fresenius Medical Care, Global Medical Office, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Saynab Atiye
- Fresenius Medical Care, Global Medical Office, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Mareike Giefer
- Fresenius Medical Care, Global Medical Office, Bad Homburg, Germany
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16
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CATANĂ MG, SAVA M, ROMAN-FILIP C. Therapeutic plasma exchange in neuroimmune diseases. Rehabilitation in myasthenia gravis patients treated with apheresis procedures. BALNEO AND PRM RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2021.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an extracorporeal blood purification technique which removes large molecular weight particles, like autoantibodies, from plasma. Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is a newer technique in which plasma is not entirely removed, only the antibodies, using special filters. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a well-known autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and fluctuating weakness, sometimes life-threatening. TPE is a therapeutic modality well established in MG with a positive recommendation based on strong consensus of class III evidence and in the category I of American society for apheresis. There are no adequate randomized control trial, but many cases report short-term benefit from plasma exchange in MG especially MGC. We analyzed the cases of neuroimmune disorders that were presented to our Emergency Care Unit between 2012-2020 and we concluded that good acceptance of procedure (TPE/DFPP) was observed in 72% of patients. TPE is cost-effective rapid therapy for myasthenic crisis and progressive myasthenia gravis. It reduces ICU stays and improves outcome.All in all recent studies show that the combination of rehabilitation and other forms of treatment, appropriately selected activities contribute to alleviating the symptoms of the disease, improving physical fitness, increasing muscle strength, and thus improving the quality of life.
Keywords: therapeutic plasma exchange, plasmapheresis, neuroimmune disorders,rehabilitation,
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Gabriela CATANĂ
- Center for invasive and non-invasive research in the field of cardiac and vascular pathology in adults, Emergency. 2 . "Lucian Blaga" University, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Mihai SAVA
- "Lucian Blaga" University, Sibiu, Romania. 3.Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Sibiu, Department of ICUClinical County Hospital of Sibiu
| | - Corina ROMAN-FILIP
- "Lucian Blaga" University, Sibiu, Romania, Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Sibiu, Department of NeurologyClinical County Hospital of Sibiu
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17
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Qin B, Wu R, Shu Y, Wang Y, Yu B, Sun X, Qiu W. Protein A Immunoadsorption Relieves Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy after Unsuccessful Methylprednisolone Treatment. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:187-192. [PMID: 34237754 DOI: 10.1159/000514547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) is a recently defined autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which GFAP IgG is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Its primary clinical manifestation is meningoencephalitis, and it usually responds well to corticosteroids. Herein, we report a case of a patient with GFAP-A with initial symptoms of psychological and cognitive impairment, which did not respond to high-dose methylprednisolone therapy but was successfully treated with protein A immunoadsorption (PAIA) therapy. METHODS GFAP IgG was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The patient's data were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS A 48-year-old man presented with anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, tremor, gait disturbance, and fecal and urine incontinence. Autoimmune GFAP-A was diagnosed based on the following: (1) T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI findings of hypersensitive lesions in the subcortical and deep white matter of the brain, with multiple longitudinally extensive lesions in the cervical and chest regions of the spinal cord, and (2) high levels of GFAP IgG in the CSF. Clinical symptoms and abnormalities detected on neuroimaging worsened after administration of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) but improved significantly after PAIA therapy. CONCLUSION Psychological impairment can be the first sign of autoimmune GFAP-A. PAIA might be an effective treatment for patients with GFAP-A who respond poorly to conventional IVMP and IVIG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qin
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhen Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Yu
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Hemoadsorption Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Dorst J. Apheresis in Neurological Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103211. [PMID: 33036156 PMCID: PMC7600998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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19
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Dorst J, Fillies F, Dreyhaupt J, Senel M, Tumani H. Safety and Tolerability of Plasma Exchange and Immunoadsorption in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092874. [PMID: 32899499 PMCID: PMC7565027 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma exchange (PE) and immunoadsorption (IA) are frequently used for treatment of various autoimmune-mediated neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Although both methods are generally regarded as well-tolerated treatment options, evidence for safety and tolerability is low for most indications and largely relies on small case series. In this study, we retrospectively analysed adverse events (AEs) and laboratory changes in 284 patients with various neurological indications who received either PE (n = 65, 113 cycles) or IA (n = 219, 435 cycles) between 2013 and 2020 in our Neurology department. One standard treatment cycle for PE as well as IA consisted of five treatments on five consecutive days. During every treatment, the 2.0-2.5-fold individual plasma volume (PV) was treated in IA, while in PE, the 0.7-fold individual PV was replaced by human albumin solution. Overall, both methods showed an excellent safety profile; no deaths of life-threatening adverse events were recorded. Severe AEs (corresponding to grade 3 on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grading scale v5.0) including three patients with sepsis, one pneumonia, and one pneumothorax were present in 5/435 IA cycles (1.1%); in the PE group, no severe AEs were recorded. Furthermore, although advantageous tolerability is generally considered the main advantage of IA over PE, we found that overall frequency of AEs (including grades 1 and 2) was higher in IA (67.1% of all cycles) compared to PE (35.4%; p < 0.001). The low incidence of AEs in PE might be caused by the lower PV exchanged during each treatment (0.7-fold) compared to previous studies which predominantly exchanged the 1.0-1.5-fold PV. In order to verify this hypothesis as well as confirming the efficacy of this lower-dosed scheme, prospective studies comparing different treatment regimens are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.F.); (M.S.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frank Fillies
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.F.); (M.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.F.); (M.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.F.); (M.S.); (H.T.)
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20
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Davies AJ, Fehmi J, Senel M, Tumani H, Dorst J, Rinaldi S. Immunoadsorption and Plasma Exchange in Seropositive and Seronegative Immune-Mediated Neuropathies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072025. [PMID: 32605107 PMCID: PMC7409112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory neuropathies are disabling conditions with diverse immunological mechanisms. In some, a pathogenic role for immunoglobulin G (IgG)-class autoantibodies is increasingly appreciated, and immunoadsorption (IA) may therefore be a useful therapeutic option. We reviewed the use of and response to IA or plasma exchange (PLEx) in a cohort of 41 patients with nodal/paranodal antibodies identified from a total of 573 individuals with suspected inflammatory neuropathies during the course of routine diagnostic testing (PNAb cohort). 20 patients had been treated with PLEx and 4 with IA. Following a global but subjective evaluation by their treating clinicians, none of these patients were judged to have had a good response to either of these treatment modalities. Sequential serology of one PNAb+ case suggests prolonged suppression of antibody levels with frequent apheresis cycles or adjuvant therapies, may be required for effective treatment. We further retrospectively evaluated the serological status of 40 patients with either Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and a control group of 20 patients with clinically-isolated syndrome/multiple sclerosis (CIS/MS), who had all been treated with IgG-depleting IA (IA cohort). 32 of these patients (8/20 with CIDP, 13/20 with GBS, 11/20 with MS) were judged responsive to apheresis despite none of the serum samples from this cohort testing positive for IgG antibodies against glycolipids or nodal/paranodal cell-adhesion molecules. Although negative on antigen specific assays, three patients’ pre-treatment sera and eluates were reactive against different components of myelinating co-cultures. In summary, preliminary evidence suggests that GBS/CIDP patients without detectable IgG antibodies on routine diagnostic tests may nevertheless benefit from IA, and that an unbiased screening approach using myelinating co-cultures may assist in the detection of further autoantibodies which remain to be identified in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (A.J.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Janev Fehmi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (A.J.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.S.); (H.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.S.); (H.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (M.S.); (H.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (A.J.D.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence:
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