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Di Fusco SA, Mocini E, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Grimaldi M, Oliva F, Colivicchi F. ANMCO (Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists) scientific statement: obesity in adults-an approach for cardiologists. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:1. [PMID: 38168872 PMCID: PMC10761446 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach to its management. In clinical practice, body mass index and waist-related measurements can be used for obesity screening. The estimated prevalence of obesity among adults worldwide is 12%. With the expected further increase in overall obesity prevalence, clinicians will increasingly be managing patients with obesity. Energy balance is regulated by a complex neurohumoral system that involves the central nervous system and circulating mediators, among which leptin is the most studied. The functioning of these systems is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Obesity generally occurs when a genetically predisposed individual lives in an obesogenic environment for a long period. Cardiologists are deeply involved in evaluating patients with obesity. Cardiovascular risk profile is one of the most important items to be quantified to understand the health risk due to obesity and the clinical benefit that a single patient can obtain with weight loss. At the individual level, appropriate patient involvement, the detection of potential obesity causes, and a multidisciplinary approach are tools that can improve clinical outcomes. In the near future, we will probably have new pharmacological tools at our disposal that will facilitate achieving and maintaining weight loss. However, pharmacological treatment alone cannot cure such a complex disease. The aim of this paper is to summarize some key points of this field, such as obesity definition and measurement tools, its epidemiology, the main mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis, health consequences of obesity with a focus on cardiovascular diseases and the obesity paradox.Level of evidence V: report of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Angela Di Fusco
- Emergency Department, Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mocini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Domenico Gabrielli
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Heart Care Foundation, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Grimaldi
- Department of Cardiology, General Regional Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Oliva
- De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- Emergency Department, Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
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Butler MG, Miller BS, Romano A, Ross J, Abuzzahab MJ, Backeljauw P, Bamba V, Bhangoo A, Mauras N, Geffner M. Genetic conditions of short stature: A review of three classic examples. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1011960. [PMID: 36339399 PMCID: PMC9634554 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1011960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan, Turner, and Prader-Willi syndromes are classical genetic disorders that are marked by short stature. Each disorder has been recognized for several decades and is backed by extensive published literature describing its features, genetic origins, and optimal treatment strategies. These disorders are accompanied by a multitude of comorbidities, including cardiovascular issues, endocrinopathies, and infertility. Diagnostic delays, syndrome-associated comorbidities, and inefficient communication among the members of a patient's health care team can affect a patient's well-being from birth through adulthood. Insufficient information is available to help patients and their multidisciplinary team of providers transition from pediatric to adult health care systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical features and genetics associated with each syndrome, describe best practices for diagnosis and treatment, and emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary teams and appropriate care plans for the pediatric to adult health care transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Merlin G. Butler,
| | - Bradley S. Miller
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alicia Romano
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Judith Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Philippe Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vaneeta Bamba
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amrit Bhangoo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Health of Orange County (CHOC) Children’s Hospital, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Nelly Mauras
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Children’s Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Mitchell Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Grugni G, Fanolla A, Lupi F, Longhi S, Saezza A, Sartorio A, Radetti G. Parameters of Glucose Homeostasis in the Recognition of the Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235635. [PMID: 34884336 PMCID: PMC8658712 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To verify the accuracy of different indices of glucose homeostasis in recognizing the metabolic syndrome in a group of adult patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), 102 PWS patients (53 females/49 males), age ±SD 26.9 ± 7.6 yrs, Body Mass Index (BMI) 35.7 ± 10.7, were studied. The following indices were assessed in each subject during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 1 h (>155 mg/dL) and 2 h (140–199 mg/dL) glucose levels, the oral disposition index (ODI), the insulinogenic index (IGI), the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were evaluated at baseline, 1 h and 2 h. Although minor differences among indices were found, according to the ROC analysis, no index performed better in recognizing MetS. Furthermore, the diagnostic threshold levels changed over the years and therefore the age-related thresholds were calculated. The easily calculated HOMA-IR at baseline may be used to accurately diagnose MetS, thus avoiding more complicated procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Grugni
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research & Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy; (A.S.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-03-2351-4247; Fax: +39-03-2351-4230
| | - Antonio Fanolla
- Observatory for Health Provincial Government South Tyrol, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Fiorenzo Lupi
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Silvia Longhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Antonella Saezza
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research & Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy; (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research & Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, Italy; (A.S.); (A.S.)
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da Cunha de Sá-Caputo D, Sonza A, Coelho-Oliveira AC, Pessanha-Freitas J, Reis AS, Francisca-Santos A, dos Anjos EM, Paineiras-Domingos LL, de Rezende Bessa Guerra T, da Silva Franco A, Xavier VL, Barbosa e Silva CJ, Moura-Fernandes MC, Mendonça VA, Rodrigues Lacerda AC, da Rocha Pinheiro Mulder A, Seixas A, Sartorio A, Taiar R, Bernardo-Filho M. Evaluation of the Relationships between Simple Anthropometric Measures and Bioelectrical Impedance Assessment Variables with Multivariate Linear Regression Models to Estimate Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Adults: Preliminary Results. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1209. [PMID: 34827202 PMCID: PMC8614749 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are conditions associated with sedentary lifestyle and accumulation of abdominal fat, determining increased mortality, favoring chronic diseases, and increasing cardiovascular risk. Although the evaluation of body composition and fat distribution are highly relevant, the high cost of the gold standard techniques limits their wide utilization. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the relationships between simple anthropometric measures and BIA variables using multivariate linear regression models to estimate body composition and fat distribution in adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, sixty-eight adult individuals (20 males and 48 females) were subjected to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), anthropometric measurements (waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (NC), mid-arm circumference (MAC)), allowing the calculation of conicity index (C-index), fat mass/fat-free mass (FM/FFM) ratios, body mass index (BMI) and body shape index (ABSI). Statistical analyzes were performed with the R program. Nonparametric Statistical tests were applied to compare the characteristics of participants of the groups (normal weight, overweight and obese). For qualitative variables, the Fisher's exact test was applied, and for quantitative variables, the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. To evaluate the linear association between each pair of variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated, and Multivariate linear regression models were adjusted using the stepwise variable selection method, with Akaike Information Criterion (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS BIA variables with the highest correlations with anthropometric measures were total body water (TBW), body fat percentage (BFP), FM, FFM and FM/FFM. The multiple linear regression analysis showed, in general, that the same variables can be estimated through simple anthropometric measures. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of fat distribution in the body is desirable for the diagnosis and definition of obesity severity. However, the high cost of the instruments (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, hydrostatic weighing, air displacement plethysmography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance) to assess it, favors the use of BMI in the clinical practice. Nevertheless, BMI does not represent a real fat distribution and body fat percentage. This highlights the relevance of the findings of the current study, since simple anthropometric variables can be used to estimate important BIA variables that are related to fat distribution and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil; (D.d.C.d.S.-C.); (A.S.R.); (L.L.P.-D.); (M.C.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro 23052-180, Brazil;
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil
| | - Anelise Sonza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina—UDESC, Florianópolis 88035-901, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Coelho-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
| | - Juliana Pessanha-Freitas
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil; (D.d.C.d.S.-C.); (A.S.R.); (L.L.P.-D.); (M.C.M.-F.)
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
| | - Arlete Francisca-Santos
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro 23052-180, Brazil;
| | - Elzi Martins dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
- Mestrado Profissional em Saúde, Medicina Laboratorial e Tecnologia Forense, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil
| | - Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil; (D.d.C.d.S.-C.); (A.S.R.); (L.L.P.-D.); (M.C.M.-F.)
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda da Silva Franco
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro 23052-180, Brazil;
- Coordenação de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis 25964-000, Brazil
- Secretaria de Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25070-005, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Layter Xavier
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Computacionais, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil;
| | - Claudia Jakelline Barbosa e Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Computacionais, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20511-010, Brazil; (D.d.C.d.S.-C.); (A.S.R.); (L.L.P.-D.); (M.C.M.-F.)
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (V.A.M.); (A.C.R.L.)
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (V.A.M.); (A.C.R.L.)
| | | | - Aderito Seixas
- Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Fundação Fernando Pessoa, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan & Division of Metabolic Diseases & Auxology, 28824 Verbania, Italy;
| | - Redha Taiar
- MATIM, Moulin de la Housse, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Mario Bernardo-Filho
- Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Práticas Integrativas—LAVIMPI, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes and Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-003, Brazil; (J.P.-F.); (E.M.d.A.); (M.B.-F.)
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Thyroid Function in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome; a Cohort Study and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173804. [PMID: 34501256 PMCID: PMC8432005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic syndrome combining hypotonia, hyperphagia, a PWS-specific neurocognitive phenotype, and pituitary hormone deficiencies, including hypothyroidism. The low muscle mass associated with PWS causes a low energy expenditure due to a low basal metabolic rate. Combined with increased energy intake due to hyperphagia, this results in a high risk of obesity and associated cardiovascular disease. To reduce the high mortality in PWS (3% yearly), exercise is extremely important. As hypothyroidism can impair exercise tolerance, early detection is crucial. We performed a literature search for articles on hypothyroidism in PWS, measured thyroid hormone (TH) levels in 122 adults with PWS, and performed a medical file search for medication use. Hypothyroidism (low free thyroxin) was present in 17%, and often central in origin (80%). Triiodothyronine levels were lower in patients who used psychotropic drugs, while other TH levels were similar. One in six patients in our cohort of adults with PWS had hypothyroidism, which is more than in non-PWS adults (3%). We recommend yearly screening of free thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels to avoid the negative effects of untreated hypothyroidism on basal metabolic rate, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk. Additionally, we recommend measuring TH concentrations 3–4 months after the start of growth hormone treatment.
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Radetti G, Fanolla A, Grugni G, Lupi F, Tamini S, Cicolini S, Sartorio A. The Role of Different Indexes of Adiposity and Body Composition for the Identification of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Obesity. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091975. [PMID: 34064481 PMCID: PMC8125097 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of different indexes of adiposity and/or body composition in identifying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a group of 1528 Caucasian women with obesity: (age ± standard deviation (SD): 50.8 ± 14 years (range 18–83); body mass index (BMI) 43.3 ± 5.9 kg/m2 (30.7–72.9 kg/m2)). The following indexes were assessed in each subject: BMI, fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass index (FMI), tri-ponderal mass index (TMI), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and the body mass fat index (BMFI). Thereafter, a threshold value adjusted for age, which could identify MetS, was calculated for each index. A significant correlation was found among all indexes (p < 0.0001 for all). However, when the area under the curve (AUC) was compared, WtHR performed significantly better in the whole group and in the different age groups, apart from a lack of statistical difference between WtHR and BMFI in the 45–55 years age group. In conclusion, WtHR seems to be a fair index useful for identifying MetS in women with obesity. The use of thresholds appropriate for age can help further improve its accuracy, thus reinforcing the clinical evaluation for MetS screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Radetti
- Marienklinik, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0471-310-600; Fax: +39-0471-310-999
| | - Antonio Fanolla
- Observatory for Health Provincial Government, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (G.G.); (A.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (S.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Fiorenzo Lupi
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Sofia Tamini
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (S.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Sabrina Cicolini
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (S.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (G.G.); (A.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy; (S.T.); (S.C.)
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
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Rigamonti AE, Cicolini S, Tamini S, Caroli D, Cella SG, Sartorio A. The Age-Dependent Increase of Metabolic Syndrome Requires More Extensive and Aggressive Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Italian Cohort of Obese Women. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5576286. [PMID: 33981341 PMCID: PMC8088356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5576286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a combination of cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension), which entails critical issues in terms of medical management and public health. METHODS The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the age-related changes of the single IDF (International Diabetes Federation) diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, WC; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; triglycerides; glucose; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, SBP and DBP) in a large population of (Italian) obese women (n = 1.000; body mass index, BMI >30 kg/m2; age: 18-83 yrs), subdivided into two subgroups depending on the presence (n = 630) or absence (n = 370) of metabolic syndrome. Parallelly, the percentages of treatment with hypolipidaemic drugs, hypoglycaemics, and antihypertensives and, among the treated subjects, of control of the underlying condition in accordance with the cut-offs of IDF criteria for dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension were determined over six age ranges (i.e., 18-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and > 70 yrs). RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with advancing age. In the subgroup with metabolic syndrome, an age-dependent increase in HDL-C, glycaemia, and SBP occurred, while the visceral adiposity was stable. In the same subgroup, triglycerides and DBP decreased age-dependently. In the subgroup without metabolic syndrome, an age-dependent increase in WC, HDL-C, glycaemia, SBP, and DBP was observed. A progressive age-dependent increase in the percentage of patients pharmacologically treated for the cardiometabolic abnormalities was detected in patients with metabolic syndrome, a similar trend being also observed in patients without metabolic syndrome only for the antihypertensives. A clear-cut disproportion between treated versus adequately controlled women (with pharmacotherapy) was detected in the whole population. CONCLUSIONS At least in an Italian context of obese females, the age-dependent worsening of glycaemia and BP exerts a fundamental pathophysiological role in the progressive increase of metabolic syndrome with advancing age, which appears to be not adequately treated in a large part of obese subjects. The results of the present study might be useful for public health decision-makers for programming future more extensive and aggressive non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello E. Rigamonti
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cicolini
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB) 28824, Italy
| | - Sofia Tamini
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB) 28824, Italy
| | - Diana Caroli
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB) 28824, Italy
| | - Silvano G. Cella
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Piancavallo (VB) 28824, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, Piancavallo (VB) 28824, Italy
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Fat-Free Mass Is Better Related to Serum Uric Acid Than Metabolic Homeostasis in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092583. [PMID: 32854398 PMCID: PMC7551470 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is conventionally regarded as a model of genetic obesity carrying a metabolically healthier profile and fat compartmentalization than subjects with non-syndromic obesity. Serum uric acid (sUA) is a recognized surrogate marker of metabolic derangement. As no information is currently available on sUA levels in adults with PWS, we aimed to analyze sUA in a large cohort of adult patients with PWS in comparison to a control counterpart; secondly, we aimed to investigate the metabolic and non-metabolic determinants of sUA in PWS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 89 consecutive adult patients with genetically confirmed PWS spanning a wide BMI range (17.2–56.7 kg/m2). As controls, 180 age-, sex- and BMI-matched healthy controls were included. sUA levels were analyzed in relation to the PWS status, metabolic variables, hormone status, body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE). Bivariate correlation and multivariable regression studies were used to test for predictors of sUA in PWS. Results: Despite having similar BMI values, patients with PWS presented with higher FM (p < 0.0001), lower FFM (p < 0.0001) and REE values than controls (p < 0.0001). In PWS, sUA levels were non-significantly different between subjects with and without obesity (5.4 ± 1.3 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL, p = 0.09), and did not vary significantly in relation to genotype, sex steroid or GH replacement, as well as psychiatric treatments. Rates of hyperuricaemia (19.1% vs. 33.7%, p < 0.01) and absolute sUA levels were lower in patients with PWS compared to controls owing to significant differences between subgroups with obesity (5.5 ± 1.4 vs. 6.6 ± 1.6 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). In merged populations, sUA increased in parallel with age, BMI, FM, FFM, REE, glucolipid homeostasis, and inflammatory markers. In a separate analysis in PWS, however, sUA correlations with BMI, FM, and inflammatory markers were null. Stepwise multivariable regression analysis in the PWS group adjusted for karyotype, age, sex, FM, FFM, obesity, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, showed that sUA levels were independently associated with FFM (β = 0.35, p < 0.0001) and, albeit less significantly, with triglycerides (β = 0.23, p < 0.05). The introduction of height-normalized FFM (FFM index) in the regression model, however, abrogated the predictive role of FFM on sUA. Conclusions: FFM mass is a strong predictor of sUA. PWS is associated to lower sUA levels than controls likely due to genetic predisposition to different body composition and healthier metabolic phenotype. Further studies are warranted to assess purine metabolism and the clinical significance of the FFM index in PWS.
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