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Ghazzawi HA, Alhaj OA, Nemer LS, Amawi AT, Trabelsi K, Jahrami HA. The Prevalence of "at Risk" Eating Disorders among Athletes in Jordan. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:182. [PMID: 36422951 PMCID: PMC9693192 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are addressed as one of the expanding mental health problems worldwide. While an ED is a clinical psychiatric diagnosis that can only be established after a psychiatric assessment, it is important to note that "at-risk" refers to people who will exhibit aberrant eating patterns but do not fully meet the requirements for an ED diagnosis. This study was designed to address the ED symptoms (i.e., "at-risk") in Jordanian athletes and their association with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and type of sport. A convenient, cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 athlete participants by answering the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). The EAT-26 results indicated an ED prevalence of 34% among Jordanian athletes. Within "at-risk" ED athletes, sex, age, and BMI had no significant differences in the rates of EDs. Outdoor sports had the least effect on EDs, while the highest was amongst gymnastics. EDs prevalence is alarming among Jordanian athletes. Gymnastics is a risk factor for increasing EDs. Our results should be taken into consideration by physicians, mental health professionals, sports nutritionists, coaches, and sport medicine specialists. We recommend establishing strategies pertaining to mental health, especially EDs in sports centers, along with screening programs for those who demand additional assessment and supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A. Ghazzawi
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Omar A. Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 1196, Jordan
| | - Lana S. Nemer
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Adam T. Amawi
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Salt 19328, Jordan
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Haitham A. Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
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Gokkaya B, Kargul B. Assessment of the eating disorders and relationship with dental caries, age, gender, and body mass index in a sample of Turkish adolescents aged 9 through 15. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:695-701. [PMID: 35593615 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1998_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Eating disorders (ED) are an important public health problem for adolescents due to changing eating attitudes. Using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) with a sample of Turkish adolescents aged 9-15 years, this study evaluated the behavioral risk of ED and its association with dental caries, age, body mass index (BMI), and gender. Subjects and Methods The EAT-26 scoring system was used, and variables examined included demographic, familial, sociocultural, social, and clinical features. Data were analyzed using SPSS® Statistics for Windows, version 20.0. (IBM, New York, NY, USA). Results A total of 112 adolescents, 46 (41.1%) boys, and 66 (58.9%) girls (mean age 11.46 ± 1.91 years), were evaluated. EAT-26 mean scores were 16.0 (10.0-21.0) for girls and 14.0 (12.0-23.0) for boys (Mann Whitney U test; P = 0.509). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean BMI scores and the mean EAT-26 scores for girls and boys (Mann Whitney U test) (P = 0.509) (P = 0.636). The mean DMFT decay-missing-filled and total) was higher in EAT-26 >20 than in EAT-26 <20, and the difference was statistically significant (Mann Whitney U test; P = 0.008). BMI was not correlated with EAT-26 (Spearman rank correlation test, r = -0.013, P = 0.156), but there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the development of caries and age (Spearman rank correlation test, r = 0.405, P < 0.05). Conclusion Early diagnosis of ED is crucial because it primarily starts during childhood and adolescence. It is responsible for the dft of the deciduous teeth. BMI is related to decay,missed,filled,total (DMFT), decay, filled, total (dft), and age in adolescents aged 9-15 years. Furthermore, we searched subgroups of EAT-26 for dental caries. Dieting score may be a significant factor for dental caries for ED. However, observing ability is an important factor for dentists because they can inform parents and provide information on preventing ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gokkaya
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry, Bahcelievler Oral and Dental Health Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Kargul
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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The Impact of Technical Error of Measurement on Somatotype Categorization. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inquiry into somatotype often seeks to assign participants into somatotype groups. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how the intra-tester reliability of anthropometric measures can influence how somatotype is categorized. Sixty-eight physically active males (mean [SD] 24.8 [7.9] y; 79.8 [14.4] kg; 1.81 [0.07] m) had their anthropometric profiles measured and somatotype components calculated. Technical error of measurement (TEM) was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall somatotype calculation (RTEM) for the data collected by the lead researcher. CIs were further calculated based on the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry accreditation Level 1 and 2/3 thresholds. Somatotype groups were categorized as either simple (four groups) or detailed (13 groups). RTEM had the smallest TEM values (0.05 somatotype units). Detailed somatotype categorization demonstrated larger potential for misclassification (39.7–72.1%) versus simple categorization (29.4–38.2%). Researchers investigating somatotype should keep technical skill high and group according to the four simple somatotype categories in order to maintain acceptable categorization reliability.
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Efthymiou D, Kokokiris L, Mesiari C, Vassilopoulou E. Perceived ideal body weight exacerbates bulimia and dieting in Bodybuilding Athletes. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1777-1782. [PMID: 34712596 PMCID: PMC8528646 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The passion of bodybuilding athletes for a symmetric, lean, heavily muscled body leads them to carry out exhausting exercise programs and restrictive eating regimens, sometimes resulting in disordered eating behaviors. This study investigates potential exacerbators on the development of disordered eating in bodybuilding (professional and recreational) and strength athletes. This cross-sectional single time point study involved 103 Cypriot bodybuilding athletes of both sexes, performing at three levels: professional, recreational and strength athletes. The Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) and The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) were used to evaluate disordered eating and eating behaviors respectively. Scores on the items of the questionnaires according to sex were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and differences according to bodybuilding performance status or/and body weight deviation category using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The current study was performed under the auspices of the Hellenic Center of Education & Treatment of Eating Disorders (KEADD). The degree of deviation between the perceived ideal body weight and the actual body weight was associated with increased risk of eating disorder. Athletes who desired a lower body weight recorded higher scores on EAT-26 overall (p=0.001), and the subscales of dieting (p=0.01) and bulimia (p=0.001). Cognitive restraint and emotional eating scales of TFEQ-R21 were more pronounced in the non-professional athletes (p=0.01). The emotional eating score was higher in women. There is a need for appropriate sport-specific, gender-specific preventive intervention to deescalate the risk of eating disorder, in both professional and non-professional bodybuilding athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Efthymiou
- Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lampros Kokokiris
- International Hellenic University, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Mesiari
- International Hellenic University, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Agüera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S. Advances in Eating Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E4047. [PMID: 33333763 PMCID: PMC7765238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of mental disorders characterized by an altered food intake and the presence of inappropriate behaviors for the control of body weight, framed as an excessive concern regarding one's weight and figure [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Parent Mathias V, García Romero JC, Rosety I, Rosety MA, Diaz AJ, Ordoñez FJ, Rosety-Rodriguez M. The Predictive Role of Raw Bioelectrical Impedance Variables in Disordered Eating Attitudes in Female Ballet Dance Students. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113374. [PMID: 33147764 PMCID: PMC7693491 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to investigate the accuracy of body composition and raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in dance students. Participants were 81 female dancers assigned in two groups: beginner training (BT; age (mean ± SD) = 10.09 ± 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT; age = 15.37 ± 2.1 years, n = 49). Fat mass (FM) was estimated by Slaughter's equation and skeletal muscle with Poortman's equation. Impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PhA) were obtained through multifrequency BIA at a frequency of 50 kHz. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed using Sun's equation. For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was performed. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥ 20 as positive for DEA. Comparisons between groups were performed by a one-way ANOVA test or Kruskall-Wallis test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were performed to assess associations between variables. ROC curve analysis was utilized to test the accuracy of body composition and BIA variables in predicting DEA. In the BT group, Xc and PhA demonstrated high accuracy in predicting DEA with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.976 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.00) and 0.957 (95% CI: 0.82-0.99), respectively, (both p < 0.0001). FFM Sun had an AUC of 0.836 (95% CI: 0.66-0.94) (p < 0.0001) in the BT group and FFM Slaughter was 0.797 (95% CI: 0.66-0.90) (p < 0.001) in the AT group. Reactance and Phase angle were excellent and useful predictors of DEA in the BT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Technology Park, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.R.)
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- School of Sports Medicine, Edificio López de Peñalver, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Verónica Parent Mathias
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Technology Park, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.R.)
| | - Jerónimo C. García Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Technology Park, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.R.)
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- School of Sports Medicine, Edificio López de Peñalver, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rosety
- School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; (I.R.); (M.A.R.); (F.J.O.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - Miguel A. Rosety
- School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; (I.R.); (M.A.R.); (F.J.O.); (M.R.-R.)
| | | | - Francisco J. Ordoñez
- School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; (I.R.); (M.A.R.); (F.J.O.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - Manuel Rosety-Rodriguez
- School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; (I.R.); (M.A.R.); (F.J.O.); (M.R.-R.)
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Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity Related to Diet and Disordered Eating Attitudes in Adolescent Girls with Clinical Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093041. [PMID: 32967289 PMCID: PMC7564079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to find the difference between girls with clinical features of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), divided into two groups: Overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob) and normal weight (N), related to diet, disordered eating attitudes (DEA), metabolic and hormonal differences, and to identify the risk factors of being overweight or obese. Methods: Seventy-eight adolescents with PCOS, aged 14-18 years, were divided into Ov/Ob and N groups. Patients underwent blood tests for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile. Nutrition was evaluated using a 3-day food record. To examine the level of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Logistic regression was carried out to identify the independent predictors of being overweight and obese. Results: An increase of 10 g in plant protein intake decreased the probability of being overweight and of obesity (OR = 0.54; p = 0.036). EAT-26 score ≥20 was correlated with a 7-fold (OR = 6.88; p = 0.02) increased odds of being overweight or of obesity. Conclusion: Being overweight and obesity in adolescents with PCOS may be associated with DEA and the type and amount of protein intake.
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