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Coelho T, Cheng G, Lewis S, Ashton JJ, Barakat F, Driscoll KCT, Sholeye-Bolaji AE, Batra A, Afzal NA, Beattie RM, Ennis S. Pharmacogenomic Assessment of Genes Implicated in Thiopurine Metabolism and Toxicity in a UK Cohort of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae126. [PMID: 39011784 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiopurine drugs are effective treatment options in inflammatory bowel disease and other conditions but discontinued in some patients due to toxicity. METHODS We investigated thiopurine-induced toxicity in a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease cohort by utilizing exome sequencing data across a panel of 46 genes, including TPMT and NUDT15. RESULTS The cohort included 487 patients with a median age of 13.1 years. Of the 396 patients exposed to thiopurines, myelosuppression was observed in 11%, gastroenterological intolerance in 11%, hepatotoxicity in 4.5%, pancreatitis in 1.8%, and "other" adverse effects in 2.8%. TPMT (thiopurine S-methyltransferase) enzyme activity was normal in 87.4%, intermediate 12.3%, and deficient in 0.2%; 26% of patients with intermediate activity developed toxicity to thiopurines. Routinely genotyped TPMT alleles associated with defective enzyme activity were identified in 28 (7%) patients: TPMT*3A in 4.5%, *3B in 1%, and *3C in 1.5%. Of these, only 6 (21%) patients developed toxic responses. Three rare TPMT alleles (*3D, *39, and *40) not assessed on routine genotyping were identified in 3 patients, who all developed toxic responses. The missense variant p.R139C (NUDT15*3 allele) was identified in 4 patients (azathioprine 1.6 mg/kg/d), but only 1 developed toxicity. One patient with an in-frame deletion variant p.G13del in NUDT15 developed myelosuppression at low doses. Per-gene deleteriousness score GenePy identified a significant association for toxicity in the AOX1 and DHFR genes. CONCLUSIONS A significant association for toxicity was observed in the AOX1 and DHFR genes in individuals negative for the TPMT and NUDT15 variants. Patients harboring the NUDT15*3 allele, which is associated with myelosuppression, did not show an increased risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Coelho
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Guo Cheng
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Lewis
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James J Ashton
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Barakat
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kouros C T Driscoll
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adebola E Sholeye-Bolaji
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Batra
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem A Afzal
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Beattie
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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2
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Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES. Hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: Immunomodulators, biologics, and beyond. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2024; 23:e0199. [PMID: 38881727 PMCID: PMC11177820 DOI: 10.1097/cld.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helgi K Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Einar S Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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3
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Yeaman F, Stritzke A, Kuret V, Sharifi N, Seow CH, Metcalfe A, Leung Y. Thiopurine Exposure During Pregnancy is Not Associated With Anemia in Infants Born to Mothers With IBD. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2023; 5:otad066. [PMID: 37941596 PMCID: PMC10629965 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thiopurines are commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thiopurines are considered safe throughout pregnancy. However, a published study suggested the risk of neonatal anemia was increased if exposed to thiopurines in utero. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine if there is an increased risk of cytopenia among infants born to pregnant people with IBD, exposed or unexposed to thiopurines, compared to infants born to those without IBD. Methods Pregnant IBD patients, with and without thiopurine exposure, and one cohort of control individuals were recruited over a 5-year period. Consenting individuals completed a questionnaire and infants had a complete blood cell count at the newborn heel prick. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 140g/L. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. Fisher exact tests were used to examine differences in outcomes between groups, a P-value of < 0.05 was deemed significant. Results Three cohorts were recruited: 19 IBD patients on thiopurines, 50 IBD patients not on thiopurines, and 37 controls (total of 106). Neonatal median Hb was not different with 177g/L (IQR 38g/L) for the IBD thiopurine group, 180.5g/L (IQR 40g/L) for the IBD non-thiopurine group, and 181g/L (IQR 37g/L) for the controls. Nineteen infants (18%) were cytopenic with 12 (11%) anemic, 6 (5.6%) thrombocytopenic, and 1 (0.94%) lymphopenic. Thiopurine exposure was only in one, mildly anemic, infant. Conclusions These findings further support physicians and IBD patients contemplating pregnancy that current guidelines recommending thiopurine adherence do not lead to increased perinatal risk of anemia or cytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Internal Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amelie Stritzke
- Department of Pediatrics University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Verena Kuret
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nastaran Sharifi
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cynthia H Seow
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amy Metcalfe
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yvette Leung
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Turolo S, Edefonti A, Syren ML, Montini G. Pharmacogenomics of Old and New Immunosuppressive Drugs for Precision Medicine in Kidney Transplantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4454. [PMID: 37445489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred therapeutic option for end-stage kidney disease, but, despite major therapeutic advancements, allograft rejection continues to endanger graft survival. Every patient is unique due to his or her clinical history, drug metabolism, genetic background, and epigenetics. For this reason, examples of "personalized medicine" and "precision medicine" have steadily increased in recent decades. The final target of precision medicine is to maximize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity for each individual patient. Immunosuppressive drugs, in the setting of kidney transplantation, require a precise dosage to avoid either adverse events (overdosage) or a lack of efficacy (underdosage). In this review, we will explore the knowledge regarding the pharmacogenomics of the main immunosuppressive medications currently utilized in kidney transplantation. We will focus on clinically relevant pharmacogenomic data, that is, the polymorphisms of the genes that metabolize immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Turolo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Edefonti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Luise Syren
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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5
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Krancewicz K, Nowicka-Bauer K, Fiedorowicz K, Marciniak B, Taras-Goslinska K. Thiopurines Analogues with Additional Ring: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, and Anticancer Potency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108990. [PMID: 37240336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine scaffolds constitute a starting point for the synthesis of numerous chemotherapeutics used in treating cancer, viruses, parasites, as well as bacterial and fungal infections. In this work, we synthesized a group of guanosine analogues containing an additional five-membered ring and a sulfur atom at the C-9 position. The spectral, photophysical, and biological properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated. The spectroscopic studies revealed that a combination of the thiocarbonyl chromophore and the tricyclic structure of guanine analogues shifts the absorption region above 350 nm, allowing for selective excitation when present in biological systems. Unfortunately, due to the low fluorescence quantum yield, this process cannot be used to monitor the presence of these compounds in cells. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their effect on the viability of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells. It was found that all of them display anticancer activity. In vitro studies were preceded by in silico ADME and PASS analyses, which confirmed that the designed compounds are promising candidates for anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krancewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowicka-Bauer
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fiedorowicz
- Nanobiomedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bronislaw Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taras-Goslinska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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6
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Bayoumy AB, Jagt JZ, van Wering HM, de Ridder L, Hummel T, Wolters VM, Stapelbroek J, Benninga MA, Mulder CJ, de Boer NK, de Meij TG. Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 75:e111-e115. [PMID: 36136124 PMCID: PMC9645549 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thioguanine (TG) has been shown as a safe alternative in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who did not tolerate conventional thiopurines [azathioprine (AZA)/mercaptopurine]. However, data in pediatric IBD are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to assess the safety of TG as maintenance therapy. METHODS A retrospective, multicenter cohort study of children with IBD on TG was performed in the Netherlands. TG-related adverse events (AE) were assessed and listed according to the common terminology criteria for AE. RESULTS Thirty-six children with IBD (median age 14.5 years) on TG (median dose 15 mg/day) were included in 6 centers. Five AE occurred during follow-up [pancreatitis (grade 3), hepatotoxicity (grade 3) (n = 2), Clostridium difficile infection (grade 2), and abdominal pain (grade 2)]. All patients (n = 8) with a previously AZA-induced pancreatitis did not redevelop pancreatitis on TG. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric IBD, TG seems a safe alternative in case of AZA-induced pancreatitis. Further research assessing long-term TG-related safety and efficacy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B. Bayoumy
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Z. Jagt
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- the Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Paediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert M. van Wering
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Lissy de Ridder
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thalia Hummel
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Victorien M. Wolters
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Stapelbroek
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marc A. Benninga
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris J.J. Mulder
- the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nanne K.H. de Boer
- the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim G.J. de Meij
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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A Validated HPLC-Diode Array Detection Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Thiopurines in Pediatric Patients: From Bench to Bedside. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121173. [PMID: 36557210 PMCID: PMC9785603 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine drugs are part of the therapeutic armamentarium for pediatric patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs, consisting of measurements of the thiopurine metabolites thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) and methylmercaptopurine nucleotides (MMPN) are used to optimize the effectiveness of treatment and prevent adverse effects. In this context, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous quantification of thiopurine metabolites according to the most recent International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The calibration curves were built in the clinically relevant range of concentrations for TGN of 300-12,000 nM and for MMPN of 3000-60,000 nM. The limit of detection and the lower limit of quantification were 100 and 300 nM for TGN and 900 and 3000 nM for MMPN, respectively. The percentage of inter-day accuracy and precision (CV%) varied between 85 and 104% and 1.6 and 13.8%. Stability was demonstrated for both of the metabolites for at least 50 days at -20 °C. The proposed HPLC-DAD method showed an appropriate selectivity, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and good applicability to samples from patients with IBD and ALL undergoing thiopurine treatment.
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8
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Noor NM, Sousa P, Paul S, Roblin X. Early Diagnosis, Early Stratification, and Early Intervention to Deliver Precision Medicine in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1254-1264. [PMID: 34480558 PMCID: PMC9340521 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite huge advances in understanding the molecular basis of IBD, clinical management has continued to rely on a "trial and error" approach. In addition, a therapeutic ceiling has emerged whereby even the most effective interventions are only beneficial for approximately 30% of patients. Consequently, several tools have been developed to aid stratification and guide treatment-decisions. We review the potential application for many of these precision medicine approaches, which are now almost within reach. We highlight the importance of early action (and avoiding inaction) to ensure the best outcomes for patients and how combining early action with precision tools will likely ensure the right treatment is delivered at the right time and place for each individual person living with IBD. The lack of clinical impact to date from precision medicine, despite much hype and investment, should be tempered with the knowledge that clinical translation can take a long time, and many promising breakthroughs might be ready for clinical implementation in the near future. We discuss some of the remaining challenges and barriers to overcome for clinical adoption. We also highlight that early recognition, early diagnosis, early stratification, and early intervention go hand in hand with precision medicine tools. It is the combination of these approaches that offer the greatest opportunity to finally deliver on the promise of precision medicine in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulamin M Noor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Sousa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Viseu Unit, Tondela-Viseu Hospital Centre, 3504–509 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, Immunology Unit University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, CIC INSERM 1408, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Roblin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Sain- Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Gomes-Carneiro MR, de Carvalho RR, do Amaral TF, Xavier De-Oliveira ACA, Paumgartten FJR. Evaluation of the maternal and developmental toxicity of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 111:158-165. [PMID: 35662571 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thiopurine prodrugs (azathioprine, AZA, and 6-mercaptopurine, 6MP) are embryotoxic to rodents and rabbits. Little is known about the developmental toxicity of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr), a thiopurine drug metabolite that is thought to mediate its liver toxicity. A limb bud assay found that 6MMPr impairs the in vitro morphogenetic differentiation of mouse limb extremities, being more potent than 6MP in the assay. This study evaluated the embryotoxicity of 6MMPr (0, 7.5, 15, 30mg/kg bw sc) in rats after single-dose exposure in mid organogenesis (GD10). One group of pregnant rats was similarly treated with 6MP (15mg/kg bw sc). After C-section (GD21), fetuses were weighed, and examined for external abnormalities. One third of each litter was examined for soft-tissue abnormalities while the remaining fetuses were cleared and stained for skeleton evaluation. 6MMPr caused a dose-dependent maternal weight loss followed by recovery before term pregnancy. Except for a nonsignificant increase in embryolethality and slight reduction in fetal weight at 30mg/kg bw, no indication of embryotoxicity was noted at this dose or at lower doses of 6MMPr. In contrast, 6MP led to nearly 98% of post-implantation losses in the presence of slight-to-mild maternal toxicity. These results are consistent with the notion that maternal treatment with 6MMPr affects embryo development, causing a nonsignificant increase in embryolethality and a slight reduction in fetal weight at 30mg/kg bw. However, there was no increase in abnormalities at this dose, which was severely toxic to the dams, as reflected in the maternal weight gain data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regina Gomes-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Thamyris Figueiredo do Amaral
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco José Roma Paumgartten
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil.
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10
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Poon KS, Imran IIB, Chew SKH, Tan P, Tan KML. A direct sequencing assay for pharmacogenetic testing of thiopurine-intolerant NUDT15 alleles in an Asian population. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:148. [PMID: 35468862 PMCID: PMC9036696 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X (Nudix)-Type motif 15 (NUDT15) enzyme is involved in thiopurine metabolism. Genetic variants in the NUDT15 gene result in decreased NUDT15 activity, which in addition to decreased thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity, contributes to thiopurine toxicity. Current standard approaches of NUDT15 genetic analysis have mainly been targeting several common variants. We aimed to develop a clinical-grade DNA-based assay for genetic analysis of the NUDT15 gene using Sanger di-deoxy sequencing. Results Sanger sequencing results were fully concordant with the expected NUDT15 genotype in all 17 cell line samples with known NUDT15 variants (accuracy = 100%; 95% CI 80.49 to 100.00%). Precision studies showed 100% intra-run repeatability and 100% inter-run reproducibility, respectively. Genetic analysis of the NUDT15 gene was performed for 80 patients of Asian ethnicity with wildtype TPMT. 76% (N = 61) of the studied individuals had NUDT15 *1/*1 diplotype. 25% (N = 14) of Chinese and 36% (N = 5) of Malays were found to carry at least 1 non-functional NUDT15 allele. Our study confirmed a high frequency of NUDT15 c.415C>T and c.55_56insGAGTCG variants in the Chinese and Malay ethnic groups in Singapore, highlighting the importance of determining NUDT15 genotype prior to thiopurine dosing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05821-3.
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11
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Cytotoxicity of Thiopurine Drugs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040151. [PMID: 35448412 PMCID: PMC9026123 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of thiopurine drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was confirmed more than a half-century ago. It was proven that these can be essential immunomodulatory medications. Since then, they have been used routinely to maintain remission of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The cytotoxic properties of thiopurines and the numerous adverse effects of the treatment are controversial. However, the research subject of their pharmacology, therapy monitoring, and the search for predictive markers are still very relevant. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and findings in the field of thiopurines in IBD, focusing on the aspect of their cytotoxicity. Due to thiopurines’ benefits in IBD therapy, it is expected that they will still constitute an essential part of the CD and UC treatment algorithm. More studies are still required on the modulation of the action of thiopurines in combination therapy and their interaction with the gut microbiota.
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12
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Mazza S, Soro S, Verga MC, Elvo B, Ferretti F, Cereatti F, Drago A, Grassia R. Liver-side of inflammatory bowel diseases: Hepatobiliary and drug-induced disorders. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1828-1849. [PMID: 35069993 PMCID: PMC8727201 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary disorders are among the most common extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), both in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), and therefore represent a diagnostic challenge. Immune-mediated conditions include primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) as the main form, variant forms of PSC (namely small-duct PSC, PSC-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis) and granulomatous hepatitis. PSC is by far the most common, presenting in up to 8% of IBD patients, more frequently in UC. Several genetic foci have been identified, but environmental factors are preponderant on disease pathogenesis. The course of the two diseases is typically independent. PSC diagnosis is based mostly on typical radiological findings and exclusion of secondary cholangiopathies. Risk of cholangiocarcinoma is significantly increased in PSC, as well as the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with PSC and IBD-related colitis. No disease-modifying drugs are approved to date. Thus, PSC management is directed against symptoms and complications and includes medical therapies for pruritus, endoscopic treatment of biliary stenosis and liver transplant for end-stage liver disease. Other non-immune-mediated hepatobiliary disorders are gallstone disease, whose incidence is higher in IBD and reported in up to one third of IBD patients, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pyogenic liver abscess and portal vein thrombosis. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important issue in IBD, since most IBD therapies may cause liver toxicity; however, the incidence of serious adverse events is low. Thiopurines and methotrexate are the most associated with DILI, while the risk related to anti-tumor necrosis factor-α and anti-integrins is low. Data on hepatotoxicity of newer drugs approved for IBD, like anti-interleukin 12/23 and tofacitinib, are still scarce, but the evidence from other rheumatic diseases is reassuring. Hepatitis B reactivation during immunosuppressive therapy is a major concern in IBD, and adequate screening and vaccination is warranted. On the other hand, hepatitis C reactivation does not seem to be a real risk, and hepatitis C antiviral treatment does not influence IBD natural history. The approach to an IBD patient with abnormal liver function tests is complex due to the wide range of differential diagnosis, but it is of paramount importance to make a quick and accurate diagnosis, as it may influence the therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazza
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Sara Soro
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Verga
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Biagio Elvo
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferretti
- Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cereatti
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Andrea Drago
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
| | - Roberto Grassia
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona 26100, Italy
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pharmacogenomic insights provide an opportunity to optimize medication dosing regimens and patient outcomes. However, the potential for interindividual genomic variability to guide medication dosing and toxicity monitoring is not yet standard of care. In this review, we present advances for the thiopurines, anthracyclines and vincristine and provide perspectives on the actionability of pharmacogenomic guidance in the future. RECENT FINDINGS The current guideline on thiopurines recommends that those with normal predicted thiopurine methyltransferase and NUDT15 expression receive standard-of-care dosing, while 'poor metabolizer' haplotypes receive a decreased 6-mercaptopurine starting dose to avoid bone marrow toxicity. Emerging evidence established significant polygenic contributions that predispose to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and suggest this knowledge be used to identify those at higher risk of complications. In the case of vincristine, children who express CYP3A5 have a significantly reduced risk of peripheral neuropathy compared with those expressing an inactive form or the CYP3A4 isoform. SUMMARY The need for adequately powered pediatric clinical trials, coupled with the study of epigenetic mechanisms and their influence on phenotypic variation and the integration of precision survivorship into precision approaches are featured as important areas for focused investments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie N Ramos
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Gregornik
- Children's Minnesota Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Bayoumy AB, Crouwel F, Chanda N, Florin THJ, Buiter HJC, Mulder CJJ, de Boer NKH. Advances in Thiopurine Drug Delivery: The Current State-of-the-Art. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:743-758. [PMID: 34487330 PMCID: PMC8599251 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines (mercaptopurine, azathioprine and thioguanine) are well-established maintenance treatments for a wide range of diseases such as leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in general. Worldwide, millions of patients are treated with thiopurines. The use of thiopurines has been limited because of off-target effects such as myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Therefore, seeking methods to enhance target-based thiopurine-based treatment is relevant, combined with pharmacogenetic testing. Controlled-release formulations for thiopurines have been clinically tested and have shown promising outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. Latest developments in nano-formulations for thiopurines have shown encouraging pre-clinical results, but further research and development are needed. This review provides an overview of novel drug delivery strategies for thiopurines, reviewing modified release formulations and with a focus on nano-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Bayoumy
- Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Crouwel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nripen Chanda
- Micro System Technology Laboratory, CSIR, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
| | - Timothy H J Florin
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Hans J C Buiter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, Laredo V, Gomollón F. Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. How to Optimize Thiopurines in the Biologic Era? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:681907. [PMID: 34336887 PMCID: PMC8322650 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.681907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines have been a cornerstone in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although they have been used for more than 50 years, there are still some unsolved issues about their efficacy and, also, some safety concerns, mainly the risk of myelosuppression and life-threatening lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore, the development of biological therapy raises the question whether there is still a role for thiopurines in the IBD treatment algorithm. On the other hand, limited cost and wide availability make thiopurines a reasonable option in settings of limited resources and increasing prevalence of IBD. In fact, there is a growing interest in optimizing thiopurine therapy, since pharmacogenomic findings suggest that a personalized approach based on the genotyping of some molecules involved in its metabolism could be useful to prevent side effects. Polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme (TPMT) that result in low enzymatic activity have been associated with an increased risk of myelotoxicity, especially in Caucasians; however, in Asians it is assumed that the variants of nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) are more relevant in the development of toxicity. Age is also important, since in elderly patients the risk of complications seems to be increased. Moreover, the primo-infection of Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus under thiopurine treatment has been associated with severe lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition to assessing individual characteristics that may influence thiopurines treatment outcomes, this review also discusses other strategies to optimize the therapy. Low-dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol can be used in hypermethylators and in thiopurine-related hepatotoxicity. The measurement of metabolites could be useful to assess compliance, identify patients at risk of adverse events and also facilitating the management of refractory patients. Thioguanine is also a rescue therapy in patients with toxicity related to conventional thiopurine therapy. Finally, the current indications for thiopurines in monotherapy or in combination with biologics, as well as the optimal duration of treatment, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviana Laredo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
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